# Asia Pacific Adhesives Market Size, Share & Forecast, By Technology, End-Use Industry & Application, 2025-2032 --- ## Market Overview # CHAPTER 1 - Market Overview The Asia Pacific Adhesives Market is a multi-industry materials market in which demand is tied directly to manufactured output, construction activity and converting volumes. Building and construction represented approximately 28% of modeled demand in 2025, while packaging represented 22%. This combination creates a diversified consumption base spanning tile fixing, woodworking, flexible packaging, labels, transportation assembly and industrial bonding. China remains the dominant production and consumption hub, accounting for approximately 42.3% of the modeled regional value base before country-level reconciliation adjustments. Its importance extends beyond construction: in 2025, Chinese manufacturing value added increased 6.4%, automobile manufacturing rose 11.5% and computer, communications and electronics manufacturing increased 10.6%, supporting industrial adhesive demand. Environmental compliance is increasingly influencing formulation economics. China's GB 33372-2020 standard, covering limits on volatile organic compounds in adhesives, remains in force and has applied since December 1, 2020. The regulation raises the strategic value of water-borne, hot-melt, solvent-free and other low-VOC systems while increasing reformulation requirements for manufacturers historically dependent on solvent-rich formulations. The market is also shifting toward applications with higher adhesive intensity and technical performance requirements. More than 13 million electric cars were sold in China during 2025 and close to 55% of new Chinese car sales were electric. Battery assembly, lightweight structures, thermal-management interfaces and electronics integration increase opportunities for structural and functional adhesives relative to conventional mechanical fastening. ## KPIs at a Glance * Market Value: USD 19,580 million (2025) * Dominant Region: China * Dominant Segment: Building & Construction (largest); Healthcare & Medical (fastest growing) * Total Number of Players: 2,000+ ## Future Outlook The Asia Pacific Adhesives Market is projected to expand from USD 19,580 Mn in 2025 to USD 29,050 Mn by 2032, representing a forecast CAGR of 5.80%. The growth profile remains more moderate than the 6.79% historical CAGR recorded during 2020-2025 as the region transitions from post-pandemic normalization toward structurally driven expansion. The market reaches an intermediate modeled value of USD 27,460 Mn in 2031. Volume growth remains the principal contributor, while gradual ASP improvement reflects a richer mix of reactive, pressure-sensitive, electronics, EV and medical-grade adhesive systems. Strategically, the value pool is expected to migrate toward applications where bonding performance is directly linked to product design or automated manufacturing efficiency. Automotive electrification, semiconductor packaging, flexible packaging, hygiene products and low-VOC construction systems provide the strongest premiumization pathways. Mature applications such as bookbinding and commodity solvent-borne adhesives remain slower-growth categories. China retains scale leadership, while India and Southeast Asia are expected to generate disproportionate incremental demand. The market therefore offers a combination of high-volume commodity opportunities and higher-margin technical niches, making portfolio mix, application engineering and regional channel depth central competitive variables through 2032. --- | | | | --- | --- | | **5.80%** Forecast CAGR (2025-2032) | **$29,050 Mn** 2032 Projection | --- | | | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Base Year **2025** | Historical Period **2020-2025** | Forecast Period **2025-2032** | Historical CAGR **6.79%** | --- ## Scope of the Report # CHAPTER 2 - Scope of the Market * **Geographic Coverage:** Asia Pacific consumption market, covering East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia and Oceania, including in-region imports and excluding exports consumed outside the region * **Historical Period:** 2020-2025 * **Base Year:** 2025 * **Forecast Period:** 2025-2032 (base year inclusive) * **Market Segments Covered:** 7 primary segmentation dimensions (Product Type, End-Use Industry, Application, Customer Type, Sales Channel, Technology, Geography) * **Companies Covered:** Top 10 key players profiled * **Currency & Units:** USD, values expressed in USD Mn/Bn ### Segmentation Data Tree * Product Type + Acrylic Adhesives - Acrylic dispersion adhesives - Solvent and specialty acrylic adhesives + Polyurethane Adhesives - One-component polyurethane - Two-component polyurethane + Epoxy Adhesives - One-component heat-cure epoxy - Two-component structural epoxy + Vinyl and Other Thermoplastic Adhesives - PVAc and EVA systems - Polyolefin and polyamide systems * End-Use Industry + Building & Construction - Tile and flooring installation - Panels, insulation and interior systems + Packaging & Converting - Flexible packaging laminates - Cartons, labels and corrugated packaging + Automotive & Transportation - Body, battery and structural bonding - Interior, glazing and trim bonding + Electronics, Medical & Other Industrial - Semiconductor, display and electronics assembly - Medical devices and general industrial applications * Application + Structural Bonding - Automotive and battery structures - Aerospace, rail and industrial assemblies + Lamination & Flexible Packaging - Flexible film lamination - Wood and decorative laminates + Labels, Tapes & Pressure-Sensitive Uses - Industrial and consumer tapes - Labels and medical adhesive constructions + Assembly, Repair & Maintenance - Industrial MRO bonding - Professional and consumer repair * Customer Type + OEM Manufacturers - Automotive and transportation OEMs - Electronics and equipment OEMs + Packaging Converters - Flexible packaging converters - Label and tape converters + Construction Contractors & Fabricators - Construction and flooring contractors - Furniture and panel fabricators + Distributors, Professionals & Retail Users - Specialty chemical distributors - Professional trades and consumer users * Sales Channel + Direct Enterprise Sales - Strategic key accounts - Technical application-led sales + Authorized Distributors - Regional adhesive distributors - Specialty chemical distributors + Specialty Dealers & Applicators - Construction chemical dealers - Industrial MRO dealers + Digital B2B & E-Commerce - B2B procurement marketplaces - Brand-operated digital channels * Technology + Water-Borne - PVAc dispersions - Acrylic dispersions + Solvent-Borne - Neoprene systems - Nitrile and rubber-based systems + Hot-Melt - EVA and polyolefin hot melts - Reactive PUR hot melts + Reactive and Radiation-Curable - Epoxy, polyurethane and methacrylate - UV, anaerobic and cyanoacrylate systems * Geography + China - Coastal manufacturing provinces - Inland industrial clusters + Japan & South Korea - Japan - South Korea + India & South Asia - India - Bangladesh, Pakistan and Sri Lanka + Southeast Asia & Oceania - ASEAN markets - Australia and New Zealand --- ## Market Trajectory # Asia Pacific Adhesives Market Size, Share & Forecast, By Technology, End-Use Industry & Application, 2025-2032 **Geography:** Asia Pacific | **Study Period:** 2020-2032 | **Base Year:** 2025 | **Forecast Period:** 2025-2032 The Asia Pacific Adhesives Market reached USD 19,580 Mn in 2025 on the locked market-sizing model. Demand is anchored by building and construction, packaging, automotive and electronics, while higher-value reactive and precision adhesive systems are expanding the profit pool. China remains the largest demand center, while India and Southeast Asia provide the strongest volume-growth vectors. ## Report Metadata Summary * **Product Title:** Asia Pacific Adhesives Market Size, Share & Forecast, By Technology, End-Use Industry & Application, 2025-2032 * **Base Year:** 2025 * **CAGR for Past 5 Years:** 6.79% * **Historical Period:** 2020-2025 * **Forecast Period:** 2025-2032 * **CAGR Value:** 5.80% # CHAPTER 3 - Market Size, Growth Forecast and Trends This section evaluates the historical market size, analyzes year-over-year growth dynamics, and presents forecast projections supported by market performance indicators and demand-side drivers. | Year | Market Size (USD Mn) | Period | | --- | --- | --- | | 2020 | 14,100 | Historical | | 2021 | 15,130 | Historical | | 2022 | 16,240 | Historical | | 2023 | 17,380 | Historical | | 2024 | 18,510 | Historical | | 2025 | 19,580 | Base Year | | 2026F | 20,720 | Forecast | | 2027F | 21,920 | Forecast | | 2028F | 23,190 | Forecast | | 2029F | 24,540 | Forecast | | 2030F | 25,960 | Forecast | | 2031F | 27,460 | Forecast | | 2032F | 29,050 | Forecast | | Year | YoY Growth Rate (%) | | --- | --- | | 2021 | 7.30% | | 2022 | 7.34% | | 2023 | 7.02% | | 2024 | 6.50% | | 2025 | 5.78% | | 2026F | 5.82% | | 2027F | 5.79% | | 2028F | 5.79% | | 2029F | 5.82% | | 2030F | 5.79% | | 2031F | 5.78% | | 2032F | 5.79% | | Year | Market Value Growth (%) | Market Volume (MMT) | Volume Growth (%) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 2020 | - | 7.90 | - | | 2021 | 7.30% | 8.35 | 5.70% | | 2022 | 7.34% | 8.78 | 5.15% | | 2023 | 7.02% | 9.17 | 4.44% | | 2024 | 6.50% | 9.58 | 4.47% | | 2025 | 5.78% | 10.01 | 4.49% | | 2026 | 5.82% | 10.46 | 4.50% | | 2027 | 5.79% | 10.93 | 4.49% | | 2028 | 5.79% | 11.42 | 4.48% | | 2029 | 5.82% | 11.94 | 4.55% | | 2030 | 5.79% | 12.48 | 4.52% | | 2031 | 5.78% | 13.04 | 4.49% | | 2032 | 5.79% | 13.63 | 4.52% | ### Historical Market Performance Historical growth was strongest in the early recovery phase, with market value increasing 7.30% in 2021 and 7.34% in 2022. Growth subsequently moderated to 6.50% in 2024 and 5.78% in 2025 as the regional demand mix normalized. Volume increased from 7.90 MMT in 2020 to 10.01 MMT in 2025, implying a 4.85% volume CAGR. The widening difference between value and volume growth reflects gradual premiumization, product reformulation and the increasing contribution of electronics, mobility, medical and performance-packaging applications. ### Forecast Market Outlook Between 2025 and 2032, market value is modeled to grow at 5.80% CAGR, while volume expands at approximately 4.51% CAGR. Volume reaches 13.63 MMT by 2032 and the blended ASP rises from approximately USD 1,956 per tonne in 2025 to USD 2,131 per tonne in 2032. The value-growth premium over physical volume is driven by higher-specification structural, electronics and medical adhesives, while water-borne, hot-melt and reactive technologies continue gaining importance in applications affected by VOC compliance, automation and lightweight-material requirements. --- ## Market Breakdown # CHAPTER 4 - Market Breakdown The Asia Pacific Adhesives Market combines steady tonnage expansion with mix-driven value growth. For CEOs and investors, the principal strategic variables are consumption volume, blended selling price and the transition toward lower-VOC technology platforms. | Year | Market Size (USD Mn) | YoY Growth (%) | Market Volume (MMT) | Blended ASP (USD/tonne) | Water-Borne Technology Share (%) | Period | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 2020 | 14,100 | - | 7.90 | 1,785 | 32.5% | Historical | | 2021 | 15,130 | 7.30% | 8.35 | 1,812 | 33.0% | Historical | | 2022 | 16,240 | 7.34% | 8.78 | 1,850 | 33.6% | Historical | | 2023 | 17,380 | 7.02% | 9.17 | 1,895 | 34.0% | Historical | | 2024 | 18,510 | 6.50% | 9.58 | 1,932 | 34.5% | Historical | | 2025 | 19,580 | 5.78% | 10.01 | 1,956 | 35.0% | Base Year | | 2026 | 20,720 | 5.82% | 10.46 | 1,981 | 35.5% | Forecast and Latest Operating KPIs | | 2027 | 21,920 | 5.79% | 10.93 | 2,005 | 36.0% | Forecast and Industry Outlook | | 2028 | 23,190 | 5.79% | 11.42 | 2,031 | 36.5% | Forecast and Industry Outlook | | 2029 | 24,540 | 5.82% | 11.94 | 2,055 | 37.0% | Forecast and Industry Outlook | | 2030 | 25,960 | 5.79% | 12.48 | 2,080 | 37.5% | Forecast and Industry Outlook | | 2031 | 27,460 | 5.78% | 13.04 | 2,106 | 38.0% | Forecast and Industry Outlook | | 2032 | 29,050 | 5.79% | 13.63 | 2,131 | 38.5% | Forecast and Industry Outlook | **KPI 1, Market Volume:** **10.01 MMT (2025, Asia Pacific)**. Industrial demand benefits from expanding automotive and electronics output; China reported 11.5% growth in automobile manufacturing and 10.6% growth in computer, communications and electronic-equipment manufacturing during 2025. **KPI 2, Blended ASP:** **USD 1,956 per tonne (2025, Asia Pacific)**. Mix improvement is supported by higher-value mobility and electronics applications; Henkel's Adhesive Technologies business reported 3.3% organic growth in Mobility & Electronics during 2025, including double-digit electronics growth in China. **KPI 3, Water-Borne Technology Share:** **35.0% (2025, Asia Pacific model)**. VOC regulation is a structural formulation driver; China's GB 33372-2020 adhesive VOC standard remains current, reinforcing development of lower-emission water-borne, hot-melt and reactive solutions. --- --- ## Market Segmentation # CHAPTER 5 - Market Segmentation Framework Comprehensive analysis across key dimensions providing insights into market structure, customer demand, application requirements and distribution patterns. | | | | | --- | --- | --- | | **No of Segments:** 7 | **Dominant Segment:** End-Use Industry | **Fastest Growing Segment:** Technology | ### Segmentation Framework | Priority | Level-1 Segment / Taxonomy Dimension | Level-2 Sub-Segments | | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | Product Type | Acrylic Adhesives; Polyurethane Adhesives; Epoxy Adhesives; Vinyl and Other Thermoplastic Adhesives | | 2 | End-Use Industry | Building & Construction; Packaging & Converting; Automotive & Transportation; Electronics, Medical & Other Industrial | | 3 | Application | Structural Bonding; Lamination & Flexible Packaging; Labels, Tapes & Pressure-Sensitive Uses; Assembly, Repair & Maintenance | | 4 | Customer Type | OEM Manufacturers; Packaging Converters; Construction Contractors & Fabricators; Distributors, Professionals & Retail Users | | 5 | Sales Channel | Direct Enterprise Sales; Authorized Distributors; Specialty Dealers & Applicators; Digital B2B & E-Commerce | | 6 | Technology | Water-Borne; Solvent-Borne; Hot-Melt; Reactive and Radiation-Curable | | 7 | Geography | China; Japan & South Korea; India & South Asia; Southeast Asia & Oceania | ### Key Segmentation Takeaways Comprehensive analysis across all extracted segmentation dimensions providing insights into market structure, customer preferences and distribution patterns. **End-Use Industry** - End-market exposure is the primary determinant of adhesive specification, pricing, qualification cycles and customer concentration. Building and construction generates the largest broad demand pool, while packaging offers high recurring consumption. Automotive, electronics and medical applications have greater performance requirements, creating stronger technical-service intensity and more defensible margins for suppliers able to qualify with OEM and converter customers. **Technology** - Technology mix is shifting toward low-VOC and performance-driven systems as customers seek faster processing, regulatory compliance and stronger bonding across dissimilar substrates. Reactive polyurethane, epoxy, UV-curable and advanced hot-melt systems are positioned to gain faster than traditional solvent-borne formats, particularly in mobility, electronics, packaging automation and applications where process speed or structural performance directly affects customer economics. --- ## Regional Analysis # CHAPTER 6 - Regional Analysis China is the largest constituent market within Asia Pacific, supported by scale in construction, packaging, automotive, furniture and electronics manufacturing. India and Southeast Asia provide faster incremental growth, while Japan and South Korea maintain disproportionately high ASPs because electronics and mobility applications account for a larger share of their adhesive mix. ### KPI Summary * Largest Constituent Market: **China** * China Market Size (2025 operational anchor): **USD 8,180 Mn** * Fastest-Growing Major Geography CAGR (2025-2032): **India, 9.5%** | Country / Region | Market Size (USD Mn, 2025) | CAGR (2025-2032) | Adhesive Consumption Volume (MMT, 2025) | Reference Blended ASP (USD/tonne) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | China | 8,180 | 4.5% | 5.64 | 1,450 | | Japan | 2,810 | 3.2% | 0.88 | 3,200 | | India | 2,040 | 9.5% | 1.26 | 1,620 | | South Korea | 1,330 | 5.5% | 0.48 | 2,800 | | Southeast Asia | 1,990 | 7.0% | 1.28 | 1,550 | ### Market Position China remains the principal scale market, with a 2025 operational anchor of roughly USD 8,180 Mn. Its manufacturing depth is reinforced by 6.4% manufacturing value-added growth during 2025. ### Growth Advantage India and Southeast Asia outpace mature Northeast Asian markets in the modeled outlook. Sika reported dynamic 2025 growth in India and Southeast Asia even as Asia/Pacific sales declined overall due to Chinese construction weakness. ### Competitive Strengths Asia Pacific combines China's scale, Japan and Korea's electronics specialization and India's infrastructure demand. India's National Infrastructure Pipeline identified INR 111 lakh crore of infrastructure investment, strengthening construction-material demand fundamentals. Comprehensive analysis of key factors shaping the market, including growth catalysts, operational challenges and emerging opportunities across production, distribution and end-use segments. --- ## Growth Drivers # CHAPTER 7 - Growth Drivers, Challenges & Opportunities Comprehensive analysis of key factors shaping the Asia Pacific Adhesives Market, including growth catalysts, operational challenges and emerging opportunities across manufacturing, distribution and end-use segments. ## Growth Drivers ### EV and Electronics Adhesive Intensity Electrification is expanding demand for structural, thermal and functional bonding, with **more than 13 million electric cars sold in China in 2025**. * China's electric-car sales share reached **almost 55% in 2025**, increasing the addressable base for battery-pack, body-structure and electronics adhesives used per vehicle. * Chinese automobile manufacturing value added increased **11.5% in 2025**, reinforcing demand from OEM and Tier supplier production lines where adhesives replace or supplement mechanical fasteners. * Henkel's Mobility & Electronics business achieved **3.3% organic sales growth in 2025**, with double-digit electronics growth in China, indicating resilient demand for higher-specification bonding materials. ### Infrastructure and Southeast Asian Industrial Expansion Construction and manufacturing investment remain major adhesive-volume drivers, with India's infrastructure pipeline originally identifying **INR 111 lakh crore of planned investment**. * The infrastructure pipeline concentrated capital into roads, urban infrastructure, energy and rail, sustaining demand for flooring, panel, waterproofing, tile and assembly adhesive systems across India. **FY2020-FY2025 was the original NIP investment horizon**. * Sika reported that 2025 construction activity remained robust in Southeast Asia, including approximately **8% growth in Vietnam and 11.5% in Malaysia**, supporting regional construction-chemical and adhesive demand. * Sika opened new facilities in Singapore and Xi'an, with the Xi'an plant covering products including tile adhesives, reflecting investment in localized supply where construction and industrial customers require shorter lead times. **Two Asia facilities were highlighted in 2025 reporting**. ### Low-VOC Formulation and Hot-Melt Adoption Environmental standards are accelerating technology substitution, while China's hot-melt sector produced **1.8796 million tonnes in 2025**. * China's GB 33372-2020 standard has been effective since **December 1, 2020**, placing formal limits on VOC content and increasing the commercial importance of compliant adhesive formulations. * China's hot-melt adhesive sales reached **CNY 32.322 billion in 2025**, demonstrating scale in a solvent-free technology suited to packaging, hygiene and automated production applications. * Hot-melt production increased **4.36% year on year in 2025**, while the industry association highlighted reactive PUR, UV/EB pressure-sensitive and bio-based technologies as development priorities. --- ## Market Challenges ### Chinese Property-Sector Weakness Construction adhesives face a material demand headwind because Chinese real-estate development investment declined **17.2% in 2025**. * Residential real-estate investment fell **16.3% in 2025**, reducing incremental demand linked to new flooring, interior fit-out, insulation and decorative construction applications. * Newly started building floor space declined **20.4% in 2025**, weakening the short-term pipeline for commodity construction adhesives and increasing reliance on renovation and infrastructure demand. * Sika reported a **double-digit decline in Chinese construction sales during 2025**, demonstrating that even multinational suppliers remain exposed to property-sector contraction despite diversified regional portfolios. ### Fragmentation and Margin Competition Competitive intensity remains high, with the Chinese industry association alone representing **more than 400 member organizations** across adhesives, sealants and tapes. * A large supplier tail increases price pressure in commodity water-borne, construction and general-purpose adhesive categories; CATIA reports **400+ member units** before including non-members and smaller informal producers. * China's hot-melt sales value increased only **1.07% in 2025** despite volume growth of 4.36%, illustrating the price and mix pressure that manufacturers face in competitive categories. * Henkel Adhesive Technologies reported **1.5% organic growth in 2025** but a 2.8% nominal sales decline, highlighting the impact of currency, mix and market conditions on reported revenue performance. ### Compliance and Reformulation Costs Environmental transition creates long-term opportunity but imposes near-term qualification costs because **GB 33372-2020 remains a mandatory VOC-control reference in China**. * Manufacturers must redesign formulations, production controls and application performance around regulated VOC thresholds; the current standard was issued in **March 2020** and implemented later that year. * Smaller suppliers face greater fixed-cost pressure from testing, reformulation and customer requalification, while larger producers can spread compliance expenditure across higher sales volumes and broader portfolios. CATIA represents **400+ organized member units**. * Technology migration also raises capital and R&D requirements; CATIA's 2026 industry agenda emphasized green transformation, technical innovation and industrial upgrading after reviewing **2025 hot-melt industry data**. --- ## Market Opportunities ### Advanced Mobility Bonding Vehicle electrification supports premium structural-adhesive demand as electric cars represented **almost 55% of Chinese new-car sales in 2025**. * Monetizable applications include battery-pack sealing and bonding, body-in-white structural bonding and thermal-management interfaces, supported by **more than 13 million Chinese electric-car sales in 2025**. * Suppliers with OEM qualification capabilities benefit most because design-in positions create longer product cycles and stronger switching costs; Henkel's Mobility & Electronics unit achieved **3.3% organic growth in 2025**. * Opportunity capture requires higher thermal, durability and automated-dispensing performance than commodity adhesives, while China's automotive manufacturing value added increased **11.5% during 2025**. ### Electronics and Semiconductor Adhesives Precision adhesive demand is supported by Asia's electronics base, with Chinese electronics manufacturing value added rising **10.6% in 2025**. * High-value revenue pools include optical bonding, semiconductor dicing tapes, underfills, die-attach materials and protective films, where adhesive performance directly influences manufacturing yield and device reliability. LINTEC reported **JPY 319,385 million consolidated sales for the year ended March 2026**. * Japan and South Korea benefit from dense electronics supply chains, while Nitto reported **JPY 1,028.2 billion consolidated FY2025 sales** and maintains a portfolio spanning adhesive and functional materials. * Winning suppliers require clean-room compatible products, precision coating and customer co-development rather than commodity distribution, creating barriers that can preserve margins despite broader adhesive-industry fragmentation. Henkel reported **double-digit electronics growth in China in 2025**. ### Green and High-Performance Hot-Melt Systems Hot-melt technology provides a scalable low-solvent opportunity, with Chinese production reaching **1.8796 million tonnes in 2025**. * Packaging, hygiene and automated assembly applications monetize hot-melt's fast-setting process economics, while Chinese hot-melt sales totaled **CNY 32.322 billion in 2025**. * Producers developing reactive PUR, UV/EB pressure-sensitive and bio-based systems can target higher-margin applications as CATIA identified these technologies as strategic priorities for the industry's next development phase. **77 key enterprises were surveyed for the 2025 review**. * Scaling requires formulation know-how and reliable polymer feedstock, but regulation provides structural support because China's current adhesive VOC standard has applied since **December 2020**. --- --- ## Competitive Landscape # CHAPTER 8 - Competitive Landscape Overview The market is fragmented across multinational technology leaders, Japanese specialty-material producers, large regional champions and thousands of local manufacturers. Entry barriers are highest in qualified electronics, mobility and medical applications, while commodity construction and general-purpose adhesives remain substantially more price competitive. * **Key players:** 10 * **New Entrants (last 5 yrs):** - ### Company Profiles (Top 10 Players) | Company Name | Market Share | Headquarters | Founding Year | Core Market Focus | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Henkel Adhesive Technologies | - | Düsseldorf, Germany | 1876 | Mobility, electronics, packaging, construction and industrial adhesive technologies | | Nitto Denko Corporation | - | Osaka, Japan | 1918 | Pressure-sensitive tapes, electronic films and functional adhesive materials | | LINTEC Corporation | - | Tokyo, Japan | 1934 | Pressure-sensitive materials, semiconductor tapes and adhesive films | | Pidilite Industries | - | Mumbai, India | 1959 | Consumer, construction and industrial adhesives across India and selected export markets | | Sika AG | - | Baar, Switzerland | 1910 | Construction bonding, automotive adhesives, industrial assembly and specialty chemicals | | Nan Pao Resins Chemical Co., Ltd. | - | Tainan, Taiwan | 1963 | Footwear, textile, woodworking, packaging and hot-melt adhesives | | H.B. Fuller | - | St. Paul, Minnesota, USA | 1887 | Industrial adhesives, engineering adhesives, packaging, hygiene and construction solutions | | Arkema (Bostik) | - | Colombes, France | 2004 | Adhesive solutions for construction, industrial assembly, packaging and consumer applications | | ThreeBond Co., Ltd. | - | Tokyo, Japan | 1955 | Automotive, electronics, industrial adhesives, sealants and functional coatings | | Toagosei Co., Ltd. | - | Tokyo, Japan | 1944 | Instant adhesives, functional adhesives and specialty polymer materials | Company identities and corporate profiles were checked against issuer or corporate sources: The report provides detailed cross-comparison of key players across 4 performance parameters to identify competitive strengths and weaknesses. ### Top 4 Cross-Comparison KPIs * APAC Adhesive Revenue * Application Portfolio Breadth * Revenue Growth * Operating Margin ### Analysis Covered * **Market Share Analysis:** Compares regional adhesive revenue concentration across leading qualified suppliers * **Cross Comparison Matrix:** Benchmarks operational breadth, scale, growth and profitability across competitors * **SWOT Analysis:** Assesses technology, geography, channel and end-market strengths and risks * **Pricing Strategy Analysis:** Evaluates commodity, specialty and qualified-application pricing power by player * **Company Profiles:** Reviews portfolios, geographic footprints, application focus and competitive positioning --- --- ## Key Stakeholders # CHAPTER 10 - Key Target Audience Key stakeholders who can leverage from this market analysis for investment, strategy and operational planning. * **Investors:** CAGR, mix shift, margins, consolidation, capex, risk * **Corporates:** pricing, formulation, sourcing, qualification, channels, localization, capacity * **Government:** VOC compliance, manufacturing, trade, standards, sustainability, investment * **Operators:** throughput, formulation, automation, yield, distribution, technical service * **Financial institutions:** demand stability, margins, capex, working capital, credit ### What You'll Gain * Market sizing and trajectory * Technology transition mapping * Regional demand benchmarks * Segment structure and levers * Competitive landscape shortlist * CEO-grade risk priorities --- --- ## Research Methodology # CHAPTER 11 - Research Methodology ### Phase 1: Approach #### Desk Research * Adhesive company revenue filing review * Country manufacturing output benchmark analysis * Adhesive technology regulation mapping * End-use demand indicator triangulation #### Primary Research * Adhesive business unit director interviews * Plant and formulation manager interviews * Converter procurement leader interviews * OEM process engineering interviews #### Validation and Triangulation * 370 respondent cross-check architecture * Company revenue to volume reconciliation * End-use intensity coefficient validation * ASP and technology-mix sanity checks ### Phase 2: Market Size Estimation #### Top-Down Assessment * Regional adhesive consumption and manufacturing output * Breakdown across construction, packaging, mobility and electronics * Industrial, trade and regulatory indicator benchmarking #### Bottom-Up Modeling * Company-level APAC adhesive revenue benchmark * Country volume and blended ASP modeling * Consumption volume multiplied by realized pricing #### Forecasting and Scenario Analysis * Industrial production and end-use demand variables * VOC regulation, EV and construction scenario drivers * Baseline, optimistic and constrained projections through 2032 ### Phase 3: Primary Research Coverage #### Scope Item / Segments Coverage spans the Asia Pacific adhesive value chain from formulation and distribution through conversion, OEM procurement and downstream application. * Adhesive Manufacturers and Formulators * Distributors and Technical Sales Partners * Industrial OEMs and Packaging Converters * Construction and Professional Applicators #### Sample Size A structured respondent architecture covers commercial, technical, manufacturing and procurement perspectives across the principal adhesive value-chain segments. * Adhesive Manufacturers and Formulators - 92 respondents (Business Unit Directors, Plant Managers) * Distributors and Technical Sales Partners - 76 respondents (Regional Sales Directors, Key Account Managers) * Industrial OEMs and Packaging Converters - 118 respondents (Procurement Directors, Process Engineers) * Construction and Professional Applicators - 84 respondents (Project Procurement Managers, Technical Application Managers) #### Validation and Triangulation Validation reconciles commercial responses with physical consumption, application intensity, realized pricing and company-level revenue evidence across Asia Pacific. * Cross-segment pricing and volume consistency checks * Manufacturer-to-converter revenue flow reconciliation * Operational versus strategic respondent comparison * Technology-share and end-use sum checks --- ## Frequently Asked Questions # CHAPTER 12 - FAQs #### Q: What is the size of the Asia Pacific Adhesives Market in 2025? **A:** The Asia Pacific Adhesives Market is worth USD 19,580 million in 2025. The market represents manufactured adhesive products used across construction, packaging, automotive, electronics, woodworking, footwear, medical and industrial applications, while pure sealants remain outside the core scope. China is the largest individual demand center, but the regional value pool is increasingly diversified by faster growth in India and Southeast Asia and by higher-value functional adhesives in Japan and South Korea. **Data used:** USD 19,580 million market value in 2025; 10.01 MMT modeled regional volume in 2025 **So what:** Scale is already substantial, so competitive advantage depends more on application mix, technical qualification and regional execution than on category creation. #### Q: What is the forecast size and CAGR of the Asia Pacific Adhesives Market through 2032? **A:** The market is projected to reach USD 29,050 million by 2032, representing a forecast CAGR of 5.80% during 2025-2032. Growth is expected to remain predominantly volume-led, but the value CAGR exceeds the modeled volume CAGR because higher-specification reactive, electronics, mobility and medical adhesive systems command higher selling prices. The forecast assumes continued industrial expansion in India and Southeast Asia, gradual stabilization of Chinese construction demand and continued conversion toward lower-VOC formulations. **Data used:** USD 29,050 million forecast value in 2032; 5.80% CAGR during 2025-2032 **So what:** Suppliers positioned only in low-specification commodity grades risk underperforming the market's expanding higher-value profit pools. #### Q: Where is the profit pool shifting within the Asia Pacific Adhesives Market? **A:** The profit pool is shifting toward electronics, electric mobility, medical applications, reactive systems and specialized hot melts. These applications require tighter specification control, customer qualification, durability testing and process engineering, creating greater barriers to substitution than general-purpose adhesives. Automotive electrification is particularly important because battery assembly, lightweight structures and thermal management all increase bonding requirements. Packaging remains attractive for recurring volume, while specialized electronics applications create stronger ASP and technical-service economics. **Data used:** Reactive adhesives represented about 17.5% of the prevalidated technology mix; electronics represented about 10% of the end-use value base **So what:** Portfolio investment should prioritize qualification-intensive technologies where customer switching costs and application engineering support pricing resilience. #### Q: What is the biggest risk to the Asia Pacific Adhesives Market outlook? **A:** The most significant near-term risk is continued weakness in Chinese property development because construction remains the region's largest adhesive-consuming end market. In 2025, Chinese real-estate development investment declined 17.2% and new construction starts declined 20.4%, creating a direct headwind for tile, flooring, panel, woodworking and other construction-linked adhesive systems. This risk is partly offset by infrastructure, manufacturing, packaging, automotive and electronics demand elsewhere in the region. **Data used:** China real-estate investment down 17.2% in 2025; new-start floor space down 20.4% in 2025 **So what:** Producers need balanced geographic and end-use exposure rather than relying on Chinese new-build construction volumes. #### Q: Which Asia Pacific geographies offer the strongest growth opportunity? **A:** China remains the largest market, but India and Southeast Asia offer the strongest incremental growth profile in the base outlook. India's model CAGR is 9.5% during 2025-2032, supported by infrastructure, housing formalization, packaging and manufacturing demand. Southeast Asia is modeled at 7.0%, reflecting manufacturing diversification, construction activity and packaging conversion. Japan grows more slowly but remains strategically important because its electronics and functional-film mix supports higher average selling prices. **Data used:** India CAGR 9.5% during 2025-2032; Southeast Asia CAGR 7.0% during 2025-2032 **So what:** Growth capital should distinguish between scale markets, high-growth markets and premium-technology markets rather than treating Asia Pacific as one homogeneous geography. #### Q: Which demand driver has the greatest strategic importance for adhesive suppliers? **A:** Electrification and electronics integration are among the most strategically important drivers because they increase both adhesive content and specification complexity. More than 13 million electric cars were sold in China during 2025 and electric cars represented almost 55% of Chinese new-car sales. Structural adhesives, battery materials, optical films, thermal interfaces and electronics-grade bonding systems can therefore grow faster than traditional mechanical-fastening applications and support stronger technical differentiation. **Data used:** More than 13 million Chinese electric-car sales in 2025; almost 55% EV sales share in China in 2025 **So what:** Suppliers that secure design-in positions with mobility and electronics customers can build more defensible, higher-value revenue streams. #### Q: How will VOC regulation change competition in Asia Pacific adhesives? **A:** VOC regulation supports a structural shift toward water-borne, hot-melt, solvent-free and other lower-emission technologies while raising the cost of compliance for legacy solvent-heavy suppliers. China's GB 33372-2020 standard provides a clear example, with formal limits on VOC content in adhesive products. Larger manufacturers benefit from R&D scale, testing capabilities and customer requalification resources, while smaller producers face higher relative reformulation costs. The result should be gradual technology upgrading and selective consolidation in regulated end markets. **Data used:** GB 33372-2020 implemented from December 1, 2020; water-borne technology modeled at 35.0% share in 2025 **So what:** Compliance capability is becoming a competitive asset rather than only a regulatory cost. --- ## Table of Contents # CHAPTER 14 - Table of Contents ### Market Report Structure Comprehensive coverage across three strategic phases, Market Assessment, Go-To-Market Strategy and Survey, delivering end-to-end insights from market analysis and execution roadmap to customer demand validation. ## Market Assessment Phase Supply-side and competitive intelligence covering market sizing, segmentation, competitive dynamics, regulatory landscape and future forecasts. ### 1. Executive Summary and Approach ### 2. Asia Pacific Adhesives Market Overview #### 2.1 Key Insights and Strategic Recommendations #### 2.2 Asia Pacific Adhesives Market Overview #### 2.3 Definition and Scope #### 2.4 Evolution of Market Ecosystem #### 2.5 Timeline of Key Regulatory Milestones #### 2.6 Value Chain and Stakeholder Mapping #### 2.7 Business Cycle Analysis #### 2.8 Policy and Incentive Landscape ### 3. Asia Pacific Adhesives Market Analysis #### 3.1 Growth Drivers ##### 3.1.1 EV and Electronics Adhesive Intensity ##### 3.1.2 Infrastructure and Southeast Asian Industrial Expansion ##### 3.1.3 Low-VOC Formulation and Hot-Melt Adoption #### 3.2 Market Challenges ##### 3.2.1 Chinese Property-Sector Weakness ##### 3.2.2 Fragmentation and Margin Competition ##### 3.2.3 Compliance and Reformulation Costs #### 3.3 Market Opportunities ##### 3.3.1 Advanced Mobility Bonding ##### 3.3.2 Electronics and Semiconductor Adhesives ##### 3.3.3 Green and High-Performance Hot-Melt Systems #### 3.4 Market Trends ##### 3.4.1 Water-Borne Formulation Expansion ##### 3.4.2 Reactive Adhesive Premiumization ##### 3.4.3 Electronics-Grade Adhesive Specialization ##### 3.4.4 Technical Sales and Application Engineering #### 3.5 Government Regulation ##### 3.5.1 VOC Content Compliance ##### 3.5.2 Product Safety and Chemical Standards ##### 3.5.3 Environmental Manufacturing Compliance ##### 3.5.4 Cross-Border Product Documentation ### 4. SWOT Analysis ### 5. Stakeholder Analysis ### 6. Porter's Five Forces Analysis ### 7. Asia Pacific Adhesives Market Size #### 7.1 By Value #### 7.2 By Volume #### 7.3 By Average Selling Price ### 8. Asia Pacific Adhesives Market Segmentation #### 8.1 Product Type ##### 8.1.1 Acrylic Adhesives ##### 8.1.2 Polyurethane Adhesives ##### 8.1.3 Epoxy Adhesives ##### 8.1.4 Vinyl and Other Thermoplastic Adhesives #### 8.2 End-Use Industry ##### 8.2.1 Building & Construction ##### 8.2.2 Packaging & Converting ##### 8.2.3 Automotive & Transportation ##### 8.2.4 Electronics, Medical & Other Industrial #### 8.3 Application ##### 8.3.1 Structural Bonding ##### 8.3.2 Lamination & Flexible Packaging ##### 8.3.3 Labels, Tapes & Pressure-Sensitive Uses ##### 8.3.4 Assembly, Repair & Maintenance #### 8.4 Customer Type ##### 8.4.1 OEM Manufacturers ##### 8.4.2 Packaging Converters ##### 8.4.3 Construction Contractors & Fabricators ##### 8.4.4 Distributors, Professionals & Retail Users #### 8.5 Sales Channel ##### 8.5.1 Direct Enterprise Sales ##### 8.5.2 Authorized Distributors ##### 8.5.3 Specialty Dealers & Applicators ##### 8.5.4 Digital B2B & E-Commerce #### 8.6 Technology ##### 8.6.1 Water-Borne ##### 8.6.2 Solvent-Borne ##### 8.6.3 Hot-Melt ##### 8.6.4 Reactive and Radiation-Curable #### 8.7 Geography ##### 8.7.1 China ##### 8.7.2 Japan & South Korea ##### 8.7.3 India & South Asia ##### 8.7.4 Southeast Asia & Oceania ### 9. Asia Pacific Adhesives Market Competitive Analysis #### 9.1 Market Share of Key Players (Micro, Small, Medium, Large Enterprises) #### 9.2 Cross Comparison of Key Players ##### 9.2.1 Company Name ##### 9.2.2 Group Size (Large, Medium, or Small as per industry convention) ##### 9.2.3 APAC Adhesive Revenue ##### 9.2.4 Application Portfolio Breadth ##### 9.2.5 Revenue Growth ##### 9.2.6 Operating Margin #### 9.3 SWOT Analysis of Top Players #### 9.4 Pricing Analysis #### 9.5 Detailed Profile of Major Companies ##### 9.5.1 Henkel Adhesive Technologies ##### 9.5.2 Nitto Denko Corporation ##### 9.5.3 LINTEC Corporation ##### 9.5.4 Pidilite Industries ##### 9.5.5 Sika AG ##### 9.5.6 Nan Pao Resins Chemical Co., Ltd. ##### 9.5.7 H.B. Fuller ##### 9.5.8 Arkema (Bostik) ##### 9.5.9 ThreeBond Co., Ltd. ##### 9.5.10 Toagosei Co., Ltd. ### 10. Asia Pacific Adhesives Market End-User Analysis #### 10.1 Procurement Behavior of Key End-Users ##### 10.1.1 OEM Technical Qualification Cycles ##### 10.1.2 Converter Vendor Approval Processes ##### 10.1.3 Contractor Brand and Performance Selection ##### 10.1.4 Distributor Stocking and Credit Decisions #### 10.2 Corporate Spend Patterns ##### 10.2.1 Adhesive Spend by Production Volume ##### 10.2.2 Premium Grade Spend Concentration ##### 10.2.3 Direct Procurement Versus Distribution ##### 10.2.4 Technical Service Cost Allocation #### 10.3 Pain Point Analysis by End-User Category ##### 10.3.1 Bond Reliability and Failure Risk ##### 10.3.2 Production-Line Cure Speed ##### 10.3.3 VOC and Worker-Safety Compliance ##### 10.3.4 Raw Material and Price Volatility #### 10.4 User Readiness for Adoption ##### 10.4.1 Water-Borne Conversion Readiness ##### 10.4.2 Reactive Adhesive Qualification Readiness ##### 10.4.3 Automated Dispensing Adoption ##### 10.4.4 Digital Procurement Readiness #### 10.5 Post-Deployment ROI and Use Case Expansion ##### 10.5.1 Faster Assembly Cycle ROI ##### 10.5.2 Lightweighting and Material Substitution ##### 10.5.3 Scrap and Rework Reduction ##### 10.5.4 Cross-Application Adhesive Standardization ### 11. Asia Pacific Adhesives Market Future Size #### 11.1 By Value #### 11.2 By Volume #### 11.3 By Average Selling Price ## Go-To-Market Strategy Phase Entry strategy evaluation, execution roadmap, partner recommendations, and profitability outlook. ### 1. Whitespace Analysis and Business Model Canvas #### 1.1 High-Performance Electronics Adhesives #### 1.2 EV Structural Bonding Applications #### 1.3 Low-VOC Construction Formulations #### 1.4 Specialty Packaging Adhesives ### 2. Marketing and Positioning Recommendations #### 2.1 Performance-Led Value Proposition #### 2.2 Application Engineering Differentiation #### 2.3 Sustainability and VOC Positioning #### 2.4 Localized Technical Service ### 3. Distribution Plan #### 3.1 Strategic OEM Direct Sales #### 3.2 Authorized Specialty Distribution #### 3.3 Construction Dealer Expansion #### 3.4 Digital B2B Procurement Coverage ### 4. Channel and Pricing Gaps #### 4.1 Premium Application Pricing Gaps #### 4.2 Distributor Margin Architecture #### 4.3 Technical Service Monetization #### 4.4 Country ASP Localization ### 5. Unmet Demand and Latent Needs #### 5.1 Faster Curing Adhesive Systems #### 5.2 Lower-VOC High-Performance Formulations #### 5.3 Mixed-Material Bonding Solutions #### 5.4 Local Electronics-Grade Supply ### 6. Customer Relationship #### 6.1 OEM Co-Development Programs #### 6.2 Converter Technical Support #### 6.3 Contractor Training Networks #### 6.4 Distributor Application Support ### 7. Value Proposition #### 7.1 Higher Bond Reliability #### 7.2 Faster Manufacturing Throughput #### 7.3 Regulatory Compliance #### 7.4 Lower Total Application Cost ### 8. Key Activities #### 8.1 Local Formulation Development #### 8.2 OEM Qualification Management #### 8.3 Distributor Capability Development #### 8.4 Application Laboratory Expansion ### 9. Entry Strategy Evaluation #### 9.1 Domestic Market Entry Strategy ##### 9.1.1 Local Manufacturing Assessment ##### 9.1.2 Technical Center Setup ##### 9.1.3 Distributor Appointment ##### 9.1.4 Priority End-User Acquisition #### 9.2 Export Entry Strategy ##### 9.2.1 Regional Hub Selection ##### 9.2.2 Product Registration and Compliance ##### 9.2.3 Cross-Border Distributor Network ##### 9.2.4 Export Pricing Architecture ### 10. Entry Mode Assessment #### 10.1 Wholly Owned Manufacturing #### 10.2 Joint Venture Manufacturing #### 10.3 Contract Manufacturing #### 10.4 Import and Distribution ### 11. Capital and Timeline Estimation #### 11.1 Formulation Facility Capital #### 11.2 Application Laboratory Investment #### 11.3 Working Capital Requirement #### 11.4 Commercial Ramp Timeline ### 12. Control vs Risk Trade-Off #### 12.1 Manufacturing Control #### 12.2 Intellectual Property Protection #### 12.3 Distributor Dependence #### 12.4 Regulatory and Country Risk ### 13. Profitability Outlook #### 13.1 Gross Margin by Technology #### 13.2 Application Engineering Cost #### 13.3 Channel Margin Impact #### 13.4 Scale-Economy Thresholds ### 14. Potential Partner List #### 14.1 Specialty Chemical Distributors #### 14.2 Packaging Converters #### 14.3 Automotive Tier Suppliers #### 14.4 Construction Application Partners ### 15. Execution Roadmap #### 15.1 Phased Plan for Market Entry ##### 15.1.1 Market Setup ##### 15.1.2 Market Entry ##### 15.1.3 Growth Acceleration ##### 15.1.4 Scale and Stabilize #### 15.2 Key Activities and Milestones ##### 15.2.1 Product Qualification Completion ##### 15.2.2 Distributor Network Activation ##### 15.2.3 Local Technical Center Launch ##### 15.2.4 Regional Capacity Expansion ## Survey Phase Demand-side primary research conducted through structured interviews and online surveys with end users across priority metros and Tier 2/3 cities to capture consumption behavior, unmet needs, and purchase drivers. ### 1. Research Design and Sample Architecture #### 1.1 Research Objectives and Scope #### 1.2 Sample Size Rationale and Representation #### 1.3 Customer Cohort Definitions #### 1.4 Geographic Coverage, Priority Manufacturing and Consumption Clusters ### 2. Data Collection Methodology #### 2.1 Structured Interview Framework ##### 2.1.1 Interview Guide and Question Design ##### 2.1.2 Respondent Recruitment and Screening Criteria ##### 2.1.3 Interview Execution and Quality Control ##### 2.1.4 Qualitative Coding and Insight Extraction #### 2.2 Online Survey Design ##### 2.2.1 Survey Instrument and Attribute Coverage ##### 2.2.2 Platform Selection and Distribution Channels ##### 2.2.3 Response Validation and Data Cleaning ##### 2.2.4 Statistical Significance and Margin of Error ### 3. Customer Cohort Profiles #### 3.1 Cohort 1, Adhesive Manufacturers and Formulators ##### 3.1.1 Cohort Definition and Size ##### 3.1.2 Key Demand Attributes ##### 3.1.3 Purchase Decision Drivers ##### 3.1.4 Represented Sample Distribution #### 3.2 Cohort 2, Distributors and Technical Sales Partners ##### 3.2.1 Cohort Definition and Size ##### 3.2.2 Key Demand Attributes ##### 3.2.3 Purchase Decision Drivers ##### 3.2.4 Represented Sample Distribution #### 3.3 Cohort 3, Industrial OEMs and Packaging Converters ##### 3.3.1 Cohort Definition and Size ##### 3.3.2 Key Demand Attributes ##### 3.3.3 Purchase Decision Drivers ##### 3.3.4 Represented Sample Distribution #### 3.4 Cohort 4, Construction and Professional Applicators ##### 3.4.1 Cohort Definition and Size ##### 3.4.2 Key Demand Attributes ##### 3.4.3 Procurement and Compliance Drivers ##### 3.4.4 Represented Sample Distribution ### 4. Demand Attributes Analysis #### 4.1 Macroeconomic and Sectoral Growth Influences on Demand ##### 4.1.1 GDP and Industrial Output Linkages ##### 4.1.2 Urbanization and Infrastructure Expansion Impact ##### 4.1.3 Capital Investment Cycles and Procurement Timing ##### 4.1.4 Export and Import Dependency on Adhesives #### 4.2 End-User Behavior and Consumption Patterns ##### 4.2.1 Frequency and Volume of Purchases ##### 4.2.2 Seasonal and Cyclical Demand Variations ##### 4.2.3 Brand Loyalty vs. Price Sensitivity Trade-Off ##### 4.2.4 Switching Triggers and Retention Factors #### 4.3 Pricing Perception and Value Assessment ##### 4.3.1 Willingness to Pay Across Cohorts ##### 4.3.2 Price Benchmarking Against Alternative Bonding Methods ##### 4.3.3 Regional Pricing Disparities ##### 4.3.4 Total Cost of Ownership Perception #### 4.4 Quality, Safety and Compliance Expectations ##### 4.4.1 Quality Standards and Certification Requirements ##### 4.4.2 Safety and Regulatory Compliance Awareness ##### 4.4.3 Perception of Domestic vs. Imported Offerings ##### 4.4.4 After-Sales Service and Support Expectations #### 4.5 Regional and Operational Demand Factors ##### 4.5.1 Regional Industry Clusters and Demand Hotspots ##### 4.5.2 Manufacturing Norms Influencing Procurement ##### 4.5.3 Peer Influence and Industry Association Impact ##### 4.5.4 Digital Adoption and E-Procurement Readiness #### 4.6 Marketing, Awareness and Channel Influence ##### 4.6.1 Impact of Trade Shows and Industry Events ##### 4.6.2 Role of Digital Marketing and Online Platforms ##### 4.6.3 Distributor and Channel Partner Influence on Purchase ##### 4.6.4 OEM and System Integrator Partnership Impact ### 5. Unmet Needs and Latent Demand Signals #### 5.1 Identified Gaps Between Current Supply and User Expectations #### 5.2 Latent Demand in Underpenetrated Applications #### 5.3 Willingness to Adopt New Adhesive Technologies #### 5.4 Pain Points Surfaced Across Cohorts ### 6. Key Findings and Strategic Implications #### 6.1 Top Demand Drivers Ranked by Cohort #### 6.2 Barriers to Purchase and Adoption #### 6.3 High-Priority Customer Segments for Market Entry #### 6.4 Recommendations for Product, Pricing and Channel Strategy ### Disclaimer ### Contact Us