# Malaysia E-Health and Virtual Clinics Market Size, Share & Forecast, By Service Type, Care Setting & Technology, 2026-2031 --- ## Market Overview # CHAPTER 1 - Market Overview The Malaysia E-Health and Virtual Clinics Market connects patients, clinicians, pharmacies, laboratories, employers and insurers through digital consultation, care-management and remote-monitoring platforms. Malaysia recorded 98.0% individual internet usage and 99.5% mobile-phone usage in 2024, creating a broad addressable base for app-led care. This connectivity lowers acquisition friction and supports recurring virtual-care engagement beyond episodic teleconsultations. Commercial activity is concentrated in Kuala Lumpur, Selangor and the wider Central Region, where private hospitals, technology companies, corporate headquarters and insurer networks are clustered. Malaysia had 10,495 registered private medical clinics in 2023, while Ministry of Health public health facilities recorded 43.9 million outpatient attendances. This density supports hybrid referrals, medication fulfilment, laboratory coordination and enterprise healthcare contracting. Market access is increasingly shaped by the Ministry of Health Guideline on Online Healthcare Services issued in 2025. It covers consultations, electronic prescriptions, remote monitoring, appointments and follow-ups, while requiring registered professionals, informed consent, secure official platform tools and protected records. These requirements raise compliance costs but improve trust, favouring providers with clinical governance, audit trails and secure technology infrastructure. Malaysia's strategic direction is toward interoperable, person-centred digital care. The Health White Paper establishes a 15-year reform horizon with four pillars and 15 strategies, while the National Electronic Medical Record pilot integrates hospital systems, clinic systems, health-information exchange and virtual-clinic services. Operators able to integrate with provider workflows and national standards will be better positioned for institutional contracts. ## KPIs at a Glance * Market Value: USD 345 million (2025) * Dominant Region: Central Region (2025) * Dominant Segment: Remote Patient Monitoring (fastest growing, 2026-2031) * Total Number of Players: 35 ## Future Outlook The Malaysia E-Health and Virtual Clinics Market is projected to increase from USD 345 million in 2025 to USD 806 million by 2031. The historical 23.3% CAGR recorded during 2020-2025 reflected accelerated teleconsultation adoption, digital prescription issuance and platform deployment during and after the pandemic. Growth is expected to normalize but remain structurally strong as virtual care becomes embedded within insurer networks, corporate health plans and provider referral pathways. Paid digital-care interactions are projected to rise from 13.1 million in 2025 to 26.5 million by 2031, with remote monitoring and multidisciplinary chronic-care programs capturing an increasing proportion of revenue. The market is forecast to expand at a 15.2% CAGR during 2026-2031. Growth will be driven by near-universal internet access, national health-system digitization, wider acceptance of electronic prescriptions and demand for lower-cost outpatient navigation. Profit pools are expected to shift from standalone GP video calls toward employer subscriptions, insurer-integrated care, virtual specialist pathways, remote patient monitoring and software-enabled provider workflows. Compliance with the 2025 Online Healthcare Services guideline, data-protection obligations and clinical escalation protocols will remain decisive. Platforms combining secure technology with licensed provider networks, pharmacy fulfilment and physical referral capacity are expected to achieve stronger retention and unit economics. --- | | | | --- | --- | | **15.2%** Forecast CAGR | **$806 Mn** 2031 Projection | --- | | | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Base Year **2025** | Historical Period **2020-2025** | Forecast Period **2026-2031** | Historical CAGR **23.3%** | --- ## Scope of the Report # CHAPTER 2 - Scope of the Market * **Geographic Coverage:** Malaysia * **Historical Period:** 2020-2025 * **Base Year:** 2025 * **Forecast Period:** 2026-2031 * **Market Segments Covered:** 7 primary segmentation dimensions (Service Type, Care Setting, End User, Disease Area, Channel, Technology, Geography) * **Companies Covered:** Top 10 key players profiled * **Currency & Units:** USD, values expressed in USD Mn/Bn ### Segmentation Data Tree * Service Type + Virtual Consultations - General Practitioner Consultations - Specialist Consultations - Allied Health Consultations + Remote Patient Monitoring - Chronic Disease Monitoring - Post-Discharge Monitoring - Maternal and Elderly Monitoring + Digital Care Management - Preventive Health Coaching - Medication Adherence Programs - Multidisciplinary Care Plans + E-Prescription and Care Coordination - Electronic Prescription Issuance - Medication Fulfilment Coordination - Laboratory and Referral Coordination * Care Setting + Home-Based Care - On-Demand Home Care - Hospital-at-Home Programs - Long-Term Home Monitoring + Primary Care Clinics - Independent General Practices - Clinic Chains - Community Health Clinics + Hospitals and Specialist Centres - Private Hospitals - Public Hospitals - Specialist Ambulatory Centres + Corporate and Workplace Care - Employer Health Programs - Occupational Health Services - Employee Assistance Programs * End User + Patients and Caregivers - Individual Self-Pay Users - Family Caregivers - Chronic-Care Patients + Healthcare Providers - Doctors and Specialists - Nurses and Allied Professionals - Pharmacies and Laboratories + Employers and Insurers - Large Corporate Employers - Small and Medium Enterprises - Insurers and Third-Party Administrators + Government and Public Health Agencies - Federal Health Agencies - State Health Departments - Public Health Programs * Disease Area + General Primary Care - Acute Minor Illnesses - Medication Refills - Preventive Consultations + Chronic Disease Management - Diabetes Management - Hypertension Management - Cardiovascular Risk Management + Mental and Behavioural Health - Psychology and Counselling - Stress and Resilience Programs - Psychiatric Follow-Up + Women's and Family Health - Maternal Health - Paediatric Care - Women's Preventive Care * Channel + Mobile Applications - Consumer Health Applications - Provider Applications - Caregiver Applications + Web Portals - Patient Web Portals - Clinician Dashboards - Enterprise Administration Portals + Employer and Insurer Platforms - Employee Benefits Portals - Claims-Integrated Platforms - Managed-Care Portals + Integrated Provider Systems - Hospital Information Systems - Clinic Management Systems - Health Information Exchanges * Technology + Video, Audio and Chat Platforms - Real-Time Video Consultation - Voice Consultation - Secure Asynchronous Messaging + Cloud EHR and HIE Integration - Cloud Medical Records - Interoperability Middleware - Patient Summary Exchange + AI-Assisted Clinical Tools - Symptom Triage - Clinical Documentation - Decision-Support Algorithms + Connected Devices and Wearables - Vital-Sign Sensors - Glucose and Cardiac Devices - Consumer Wearables * Geography + Central Region - Kuala Lumpur - Selangor - Putrajaya + Northern Region - Penang - Perak - Kedah and Perlis + Southern and East Coast Region - Johor and Melaka - Negeri Sembilan - Pahang, Terengganu and Kelantan + East Malaysia - Sabah - Sarawak - Labuan --- ## Market Trajectory # Malaysia E-Health and Virtual Clinics Market Size, Share & Forecast, By Service Type, Care Setting & Technology, 2026-2031 **Geography:** Malaysia | **Historical Period:** 2020-2025 | **Forecast Period:** 2026-2031 The Malaysia E-Health and Virtual Clinics Market reached an estimated USD 345 million in 2025, supported by 98.0% individual internet usage, expanding virtual-care networks, employer-sponsored digital health benefits and demand for more accessible outpatient care. The market is becoming strategically relevant to healthcare providers, insurers, employers and technology investors seeking scalable hybrid-care models. ## Report Metadata Summary | | | | --- | --- | | **Base Year** | 2025 | | **CAGR for Past 5 Years** | 23.3% | | **Historical Period** | 2020-2025 | | **Forecast Period** | 2026-2031 | | **Forecast Period CAGR** | 15.2% | # CHAPTER 3 - Market Size, Growth Forecast and Trends This section evaluates the historical market size, analyzes year-over-year growth dynamics, and presents forecast projections supported by market performance indicators and demand-side drivers. | Year | Market Size (USD Mn) | Status | | --- | --- | --- | | 2020 | 121 | Historical | | 2021 | 188 | Historical | | 2022 | 226 | Historical | | 2023 | 263 | Historical | | 2024 | 302 | Historical | | 2025 | 345 | Base Year | | 2026F | 397 | Forecast | | 2027F | 458 | Forecast | | 2028F | 527 | Forecast | | 2029F | 608 | Forecast | | 2030F | 700 | Forecast | | 2031F | 806 | Forecast | | Year | YoY Growth Rate (%) | Growth Phase | | --- | --- | --- | | 2021 | 55.4% | Pandemic-led acceleration | | 2022 | 20.2% | Post-pandemic normalization | | 2023 | 16.4% | Hybrid-care expansion | | 2024 | 14.8% | Enterprise integration | | 2025 | 14.2% | Regulated scaling | | 2026F | 15.1% | Remote-care expansion | | 2027F | 15.4% | Insurer and employer adoption | | 2028F | 15.1% | Interoperability investment | | 2029F | 15.4% | Chronic-care monetization | | 2030F | 15.1% | AI-enabled workflow scaling | | 2031F | 15.1% | Mature hybrid-care ecosystem | | Year | Market Value Growth (%) | Digital Care Interaction Growth (%) | Price and Service-Mix Effect (Percentage Points) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 2020 | - | - | - | | 2021 | 55.4% | 46.9% | 8.5 | | 2022 | 20.2% | 20.8% | -0.6 | | 2023 | 16.4% | 16.1% | 0.3 | | 2024 | 14.8% | 14.9% | -0.1 | | 2025 | 14.2% | 12.9% | 1.3 | | 2026F | 15.1% | 13.0% | 2.1 | | 2027F | 15.4% | 12.8% | 2.6 | | 2028F | 15.1% | 12.6% | 2.5 | | 2029F | 15.4% | 12.2% | 3.2 | | 2030F | 15.1% | 12.3% | 2.8 | ### Historical Market Performance, 2020-2025 The market's highest annual expansion occurred in 2021, when revenue increased 55.4% as movement restrictions and infection risk accelerated remote consultation adoption. Growth moderated to 20.2% in 2022 and 16.4% in 2023, but the market retained pandemic-era users through electronic prescriptions, medication delivery and employer-sponsored health programs. Paid digital-care interactions increased from 4.9 million in 2020 to 13.1 million in 2025. The Central Region remained the primary commercial hub, while nationwide pharmacy and clinic integrations improved service availability outside major cities. ### Forecast Market Outlook, 2026-2031 The market is forecast to expand at a 15.2% CAGR and reach USD 806 million by 2031. Paid digital-care interactions are projected to increase to 26.5 million, while blended revenue per interaction rises from USD 26.3 in 2025 to USD 30.4 in 2031. The increase reflects a richer service mix involving chronic-care subscriptions, remote monitoring, specialist navigation and enterprise software. Value growth is expected to exceed interaction growth as providers monetize longitudinal care, integrate with insurers and improve conversion from virtual consultation to diagnostics, pharmacy fulfilment and physical referrals. --- ## Market Breakdown # CHAPTER 4 - Market Breakdown The Malaysia E-Health and Virtual Clinics Market is transitioning from high-volume, low-complexity teleconsultations toward integrated virtual-care pathways. For CEOs and investors, the central issue is whether platforms can convert digital access into recurring, clinically governed and higher-value care relationships. | Year | Market Size (USD Mn) | YoY Growth (%) | Paid Digital Care Interactions (Mn) | Active Digital Care Users (Mn) | Blended Revenue per Interaction (USD) | Period | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 2020 | 121 | - | 4.9 | 2.2 | 24.7 | Historical | | 2021 | 188 | 55.4% | 7.2 | 3.2 | 26.1 | Historical | | 2022 | 226 | 20.2% | 8.7 | 3.8 | 26.0 | Historical | | 2023 | 263 | 16.4% | 10.1 | 4.4 | 26.0 | Historical | | 2024 | 302 | 14.8% | 11.6 | 5.1 | 26.0 | Historical | | 2025 | 345 | 14.2% | 13.1 | 5.8 | 26.3 | Base Year | | 2026 | 397 | 15.1% | 14.8 | 6.5 | 26.8 | Forecast and Latest Operating KPIs | | 2027 | 458 | 15.4% | 16.7 | 7.3 | 27.4 | Forecast and Industry Outlook | | 2028 | 527 | 15.1% | 18.8 | 8.1 | 28.0 | Forecast and Industry Outlook | | 2029 | 608 | 15.4% | 21.1 | 9.0 | 28.8 | Forecast and Industry Outlook | | 2030 | 700 | 15.1% | 23.7 | 9.9 | 29.5 | Forecast and Industry Outlook | | 2031 | 806 | 15.1% | 26.5 | 10.9 | 30.4 | Forecast and Industry Outlook | **KPI 1, Paid Digital Care Interactions:** **13.1 million interactions, 2025, Malaysia**. Scale supports lower customer-acquisition cost and more efficient provider utilization. DOC2US reported more than 3.3 million cumulative virtual consultations and a network exceeding 4,000 healthcare professionals by 2025. **KPI 2, Active Digital Care Users:** **5.8 million users, 2025, Malaysia**. The addressable user base is supported by 98.0% internet usage and 99.5% mobile-phone usage, enabling platforms to pursue mobile-first acquisition and remote engagement without major device-access barriers. **KPI 3, Blended Revenue per Interaction:** **USD 26.3, 2025, Malaysia**. Revenue per interaction exceeds basic consultation pricing because the market includes subscriptions, remote monitoring and care coordination. Consumer GP video consultations were advertised near RM30-RM40, indicating the importance of ancillary and enterprise revenue. --- --- ## Market Segmentation # CHAPTER 5 - Market Segmentation Framework Comprehensive analysis across key dimensions providing insights into market structure, consumer preferences, and distribution patterns. | | | | | --- | --- | --- | | **No of Segments:** 7 | **Dominant Segment:** Service Type | **Fastest Growing Segment:** Technology | ### Segmentation Framework | Priority | Level-1 Segment / Taxonomy Dimension | Level-2 Sub-Segments | | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | Service Type | Virtual Consultations; Remote Patient Monitoring; Digital Care Management; E-Prescription and Care Coordination | | 2 | Care Setting | Home-Based Care; Primary Care Clinics; Hospitals and Specialist Centres; Corporate and Workplace Care | | 3 | End User | Patients and Caregivers; Healthcare Providers; Employers and Insurers; Government and Public Health Agencies | | 4 | Disease Area | General Primary Care; Chronic Disease Management; Mental and Behavioural Health; Women's and Family Health | | 5 | Channel | Mobile Applications; Web Portals; Employer and Insurer Platforms; Integrated Provider Systems | | 6 | Technology | Video, Audio and Chat Platforms; Cloud EHR and HIE Integration; AI-Assisted Clinical Tools; Connected Devices and Wearables | | 7 | Geography | Central Region; Northern Region; Southern and East Coast Region; East Malaysia | ### Key Segmentation Takeaways Comprehensive analysis across all extracted segmentation dimensions providing insights into market structure, consumer preferences, and distribution patterns. **Service Type** - Service Type is the dominant segmentation dimension because revenue is allocated across consultations, monitoring, care-management subscriptions and coordination fees. Virtual Consultations remain the largest Level-2 category in 2025, supported by low entry friction and established consumer awareness. Higher-margin growth is increasingly generated by Remote Patient Monitoring and Digital Care Management, which create recurring engagement and integrate multiple healthcare professionals. **Technology** - Technology is the fastest-growing segmentation dimension as providers move beyond basic video calls toward interoperable cloud records, AI-assisted clinical documentation and connected monitoring. AI-Assisted Clinical Tools are expected to record the strongest Level-2 expansion because they reduce clinician administration, improve triage consistency and support scalable enterprise deployments. Adoption will depend on auditability, clinician oversight, cybersecurity and integration with existing hospital and clinic systems. --- ## Regional Analysis # CHAPTER 6 - Regional Analysis Malaysia ranks fourth among five strategically relevant Southeast Asian e-health and virtual-clinic markets by estimated 2025 revenue, behind Indonesia, Thailand and Singapore but ahead of the Philippines. Its position is strengthened by near-universal internet usage, a relatively dense clinical workforce and a regulated online-care framework that supports institutional adoption. ### KPI Summary * Focus Country Ranking: **4th** * Focus Country Market Size: **USD 345 Mn** * Focus Country CAGR, 2026-2031: **15.2%** | Country | Market Size, 2025 | CAGR, 2026-2031 (%) | Internet Usage or Penetration (%) | Physicians per 1,000 Population | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Indonesia | USD 1,020 Mn | 17.4% | 73.0% | 0.7 | | Thailand | USD 570 Mn | 14.1% | 91.2% | 1.0 | | Singapore | USD 520 Mn | 11.2% | 96.0% | 2.8 | | Malaysia | USD 345 Mn | 15.2% | 98.0% | 2.5 | | Philippines | USD 330 Mn | 16.8% | 84.0% | 0.8 | ### Market Position Malaysia ranks fourth with USD 345 million in 2025 revenue, but its 98.0% internet usage and established private-care network provide stronger monetization conditions than population size alone would indicate. ### Growth Advantage Malaysia's 15.2% forecast CAGR exceeds Singapore's 11.2% and Thailand's 14.1%, while remaining below Indonesia's 17.4% and the Philippines' 16.8%, positioning Malaysia as a scalable mid-tier growth market. ### Competitive Strengths Malaysia combines 98.0% internet usage, approximately 2.5 physicians per 1,000 people and 10,495 private medical clinics, supporting hybrid referrals, corporate contracting and nationwide digital-care fulfilment. --- ## Growth Drivers # CHAPTER 7 - Growth Drivers, Challenges & Opportunities Comprehensive analysis of key factors shaping the Malaysia E-Health and Virtual Clinics Market, including growth catalysts, operational challenges, and emerging opportunities across care delivery, platform integration and patient engagement. ## Growth Drivers ### Near-Universal Digital Access Mobile-first healthcare adoption is supported by **98.0% internet usage (2024, Malaysia)**, substantially reducing access and onboarding barriers. * Household internet access reached **96.8% (2024, Malaysia)**, giving virtual-care providers a broad base for family accounts, home monitoring and digital follow-up beyond urban professional users. * Mobile-phone usage reached **99.5% (2024, Malaysia)**, enabling app-based acquisition, identity verification, secure messaging and appointment reminders without requiring dedicated healthcare hardware. * Rural household internet access reached **90.3% (2024, Malaysia)**, expanding the addressable market for specialist access, medication follow-up and remote triage in underserved districts of Peninsular and East Malaysia. ### High Outpatient Service Burden Virtual pathways address capacity pressure created by **43.9 million public health-facility outpatient attendances (2023, Malaysia)**. * Ministry of Health hospitals recorded **19.0 million outpatient attendances (2023, Malaysia)**, creating demand for pre-visit triage, appointment management and digitally supported post-discharge follow-up. * Private hospitals recorded **4.1 million outpatient attendances (2023, Malaysia)**, providing a monetizable base for specialist video consultations, digital second opinions and hybrid diagnostic pathways. * Malaysia had **10,495 registered private medical clinics (2023, Malaysia)**, creating a large integration network for e-referrals, panel management, laboratory coordination and medication fulfilment. ### Policy Support for Digitized Care The **2025 Online Healthcare Services guideline (Malaysia)** provides a clearer operational framework for regulated virtual-care delivery. * The Health White Paper establishes a **15-year reform horizon (2023-2038, Malaysia)**, creating policy continuity for person-centred care, digital records and public-private delivery partnerships. * The reform framework includes **4 pillars and 15 strategies (2023, Malaysia)**, supporting preventive care, primary-care strengthening and technology-enabled system modernization. * The National EMR pilot integrates **4 core components (current pilot, Malaysia)**, including hospital systems, clinic systems, health-information exchange and virtual-clinic services, improving long-term interoperability potential. --- ## Market Challenges ### Fragmented Records and Interoperability National interoperability remains developmental, with the National EMR operating through a **single-state pilot in Negeri Sembilan (current, Malaysia)**. * The pilot must connect **4 system components (current, Malaysia)**, increasing implementation complexity for identity matching, terminology mapping, consent controls and legacy-system integration. * A national Malaysia Patient Summary workshop was convened in **April 2025 (Malaysia)**, indicating that common data-exchange standards and trust frameworks are still being operationalized across public and private providers. * Malaysia's provider base includes **10,495 private medical clinics (2023, Malaysia)**, making nationwide integration commercially valuable but operationally difficult because digital maturity and vendor systems vary widely. ### Privacy, Cybersecurity and Clinical Governance Costs Compliance requirements intensified following the **Personal Data Protection Amendment Act 2024 (Malaysia)** and 2025 breach-notification guidance. * The 2025 online-care guideline requires **informed consent for every telemedicine consultation (2025, Malaysia)**, adding workflow, record-retention and audit requirements to high-volume consumer platforms. * Consultations cannot rely on consumer tools such as WhatsApp or Telegram under the guideline's **secure official platform requirement (2025, Malaysia)**, increasing infrastructure and cybersecurity spending. * Data-breach notification guidance issued in **May 2025 (Malaysia)** increases the economic consequences of weak incident response, third-party controls and cloud-governance practices. ### Low-Priced Consultations and Clinical Limitations Consumer virtual GP pricing near **RM30-RM40 per consultation (2025-2026, Malaysia)** constrains standalone consultation margins. * DoctorOnCall advertised general-practitioner teleconsultations at **RM39.99 per session (2025, Malaysia)**, requiring volume, pharmacy conversion or enterprise contracts to support sustainable acquisition costs. * Speedoc advertised video consultations at **RM30 per session (2026, Malaysia)**, demonstrating strong price competition and limited room for undifferentiated consumer platforms. * The online-care guideline permits escalation when physical examination is required, meaning **100% virtual completion is clinically inappropriate for some cases (2025, Malaysia)** and hybrid provider networks remain necessary. --- ## Market Opportunities ### Employer and Insurer-Integrated Virtual Care Enterprise distribution is validated by networks serving **thousands of corporate clients and providers (2025, Malaysia)**. * DOC2US reported integrations spanning **4,000 healthcare facilities and more than 2,000 pharmacies (2025, Malaysia)**, enabling insurers to monetize digital triage, referrals and medication fulfilment through one pathway. * HealthMetrics reported serving **1,000 corporate clients and more than 200,000 users (latest available, Malaysia)**, indicating demand for employer-funded access, panel administration and benefits analytics. * Platforms must integrate eligibility, e-guarantee letters, claims and provider networks so that **digital consultation becomes one component of managed outpatient spending (2026-2031, Malaysia)**. ### Remote Chronic-Care Management NHMS data identified diabetes and hypertension prevalence of **15.6% and 29.2% respectively (2023, Malaysia)**. * Recurring diabetes and hypertension monitoring can shift revenue from one-time consultations toward **monthly subscription and outcome-linked models (2026-2031, Malaysia)**, improving predictability for platforms and care teams. * Patients, insurers and employers benefit when remote monitoring reduces avoidable escalation among the **29.2% of adults with hypertension (2023, Malaysia)**, particularly through medication adherence and early intervention. * Commercial scale requires connected-device affordability, clinically defined alert protocols and integration with licensed providers serving Malaysia's **82,227 registered doctors (2023, Malaysia)**. ### Interoperable Clinical Software and AI Workflows Malaysia's national digital-health direction creates demand for **FHIR-aligned exchange and clinician-governed AI tools (2025-2031, Malaysia)**. * Qmed Asia reported deployment across **400-plus Klinik Kesihatan locations (2020, Malaysia)**, illustrating the monetizable scale available for appointment, queue, documentation and clinical-workflow software. * Providers benefit from AI-assisted documentation and triage when tools reduce administrative workload across Malaysia's **82,227-doctor workforce (2023, Malaysia)** while retaining clinician review and override controls. * National scaling requires open standards, audit logs, role-based access and consent architecture, following the **April 2025 Malaysia Patient Summary workshop (Malaysia)**. --- --- ## Competitive Landscape # CHAPTER 8 - Competitive Landscape Overview The market is fragmented across consumer teleconsultation, enterprise benefits, virtual hospital, digital therapeutics and provider-software models, with clinical governance, integrated fulfilment and network density creating the principal barriers to scale. * **Key players:** 10 * **New Entrants (last 5 yrs):** 12 ### Company Profiles (Top 10 Players) | Company Name | Market Share | Headquarters | Founding Year | Core Market Focus | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | DoctorOnCall | - | Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia | 2016 | Consumer teleconsultation, specialists, e-pharmacy and health services | | DOC2US | - | Batu Caves, Selangor, Malaysia | 2015 | Teleconsultation, e-prescriptions, digital referrals and insurer integration | | BookDoc | - | Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia | 2015 | Provider discovery, appointments, wellness rewards and corporate health | | Naluri | - | Singapore | 2017 | Digital therapeutics, mental health and chronic-disease coaching | | HealthMetrics | - | Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia | 2015 | Employee healthcare benefits, panel management and claims technology | | TeleMe | - | Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia | 2016 | Telemedicine ecosystem linking practitioners, patients and pharmacies | | Qmed Asia | - | Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia | 2019 | Virtual clinics, provider workflows, remote monitoring and clinical AI | | Doctor Anywhere | - | Singapore | 2017 | Virtual clinic, medication delivery, corporate care and provider networks | | Speedoc | - | Singapore | 2017 | Virtual hospital, home medical care and remote patient monitoring | | WhiteCoat | - | Singapore | - | Teleconsultation, corporate solutions and medication delivery | The report provides detailed cross-comparison of key players across 4 performance parameters to identify competitive strengths and weaknesses. ### Top 4 Cross-Comparison KPIs * Paid Virtual Care Encounters * Provider Network Coverage * Revenue Growth * Contribution Margin ### Analysis Covered * **Market Share Analysis:** Compares revenue presence across consumer, enterprise and provider segments * **Cross Comparison Matrix:** Benchmarks scale, network density, economics and clinical capabilities * **SWOT Analysis:** Assesses strategic strengths, execution gaps, risks and expansion options * **Pricing Strategy Analysis:** Evaluates consultation, subscription, enterprise and outcome-based pricing models * **Company Profiles:** Reviews ownership, service focus, networks, technology and market positioning --- --- ## Key Stakeholders # CHAPTER 10 - Key Target Audience Key stakeholders who can leverage from this market analysis for investment, strategy, and operational planning. * **Investors:** CAGR, recurring revenue, unit economics, clinical risk, exits * **Corporates:** employee utilization, claims leakage, absenteeism, care access, ROI * **Government:** interoperability, equity, licensing, data governance, system capacity * **Operators:** consultations, provider utilization, retention, fulfilment, clinical quality * **Financial institutions:** revenue visibility, churn, covenants, compliance, scalability, risk ### What You'll Gain * Market sizing and trajectory * Policy and compliance mapping * Digital adoption indicators * Segment structure and levers * Competitive landscape shortlist * CEO-grade risk priorities --- --- ## Research Methodology # CHAPTER 11 - Research Methodology ### Phase 1: Approach #### Desk Research * Reviewed national digital health policies * Mapped virtual-care provider service portfolios * Analyzed outpatient and workforce statistics * Benchmarked consultation and subscription pricing #### Primary Research * Interviewed telehealth medical directors * Consulted hospital digital transformation leaders * Engaged insurer network management executives * Surveyed corporate benefits decision-makers #### Validation and Triangulation * Validated findings across 246 respondents * Reconciled provider and demand estimates * Cross-checked interaction and revenue assumptions * Tested clinical pathway completion rates ### Phase 2: Market Size Estimation #### Top-Down Assessment * Applied digital-care penetration to outpatient expenditure pools * Allocated demand across consumer, employer and insurer segments * Referenced national health, ICT and provider statistics #### Bottom-Up Modeling * Estimated platform interactions by provider tier * Benchmarked consultation, subscription and coordination fees * Multiplied interactions by blended realized revenue #### Forecasting and Scenario Analysis * Modeled internet, outpatient and enterprise adoption variables * Tested regulation, interoperability and pricing scenarios * Developed baseline, optimistic and constrained projections through 2031 ### Phase 3: Primary Research Coverage #### Scope Item / Segments Coverage spans the Malaysia E-Health and Virtual Clinics Market value chain from digital platform development and clinical delivery to payer integration and patient use. * Virtual-Care Platform Providers * Hospitals, Clinics and Clinical Networks * Insurers, Employers and Benefits Administrators * Patients, Caregivers and Digital Health Users #### Sample Size A total of 246 respondents were engaged across market segments to ensure robust coverage of commercial, clinical and user perspectives. * Virtual-Care Platform Providers - 72 respondents (Chief Product Officer, Medical Director) * Hospitals, Clinics and Clinical Networks - 64 respondents (Hospital CIO, Clinic Operations Director) * Insurers, Employers and Benefits Administrators - 58 respondents (Provider Network Head, Benefits Director) * Patients, Caregivers and Digital Health Users - 52 respondents (Patient Advocate, Family Caregiver) #### Validation and Triangulation Findings were validated across commercial, clinical, payer and user cohorts to reconcile market scale, service utilization and adoption barriers. * Cross-checked platform usage against provider capacity * Triangulated payer spending with consultation volumes * Compared operational and strategic respondent perspectives * Tested revenue assumptions against published pricing --- ## Frequently Asked Questions # CHAPTER 12 - FAQs #### Q: What was the size of the Malaysia E-Health and Virtual Clinics Market in 2025? **A:** The Malaysia E-Health and Virtual Clinics Market was valued at USD 345 million in 2025. The estimate covers revenue from virtual consultations, remote patient monitoring, digital care-management services, e-prescription coordination and healthcare software directly supporting virtual-care delivery. It excludes the retail value of medicines, general wellness hardware and unrelated hospital IT. Demand was supported by 98.0% individual internet usage, 13.1 million paid digital-care interactions and expanding employer, insurer, pharmacy and clinic integrations. **Data used:** USD 345 million market value, 2025; 13.1 million paid digital-care interactions, 2025 **So what:** Investors should prioritize platforms that convert high digital access into recurring care-management and enterprise revenue. #### Q: How fast will the Malaysia E-Health and Virtual Clinics Market grow through 2031? **A:** The market is forecast to reach USD 806 million by 2031, representing a 15.2% CAGR during 2026-2031. Growth will come from remote chronic-care programs, insurer-integrated virtual pathways, employer health benefits, e-referrals and AI-supported clinical workflows. Paid digital-care interactions are projected to increase from 13.1 million in 2025 to 26.5 million in 2031, while the blended revenue per interaction rises as the service mix shifts beyond low-priced GP consultations toward recurring, multidisciplinary and technology-enabled care. **Data used:** USD 806 million market value, 2031; 15.2% CAGR, 2026-2031 **So what:** Strategic plans should combine user growth with service-mix expansion rather than depend solely on consultation volume. #### Q: Where will the market's profit pools shift during the forecast period? **A:** Profit pools will shift toward remote monitoring, chronic-care subscriptions, employer and insurer contracts, integrated pharmacy and diagnostics coordination and provider-facing software. Basic video consultation remains important for acquisition, but advertised consumer prices near RM30-RM40 create limited standalone margins. By 2031, blended revenue per digital-care interaction is projected to reach USD 30.4, compared with USD 26.3 in 2025. Platforms with longitudinal data, recurring engagement and integrated physical-care escalation should generate stronger retention and contribution margins. **Data used:** USD 26.3 blended revenue per interaction, 2025; USD 30.4, 2031 **So what:** Operators should design care journeys that monetize follow-up, monitoring and coordination after the initial virtual encounter. #### Q: What is the largest strategic risk for virtual-care providers in Malaysia? **A:** The largest strategic risk is scaling faster than clinical governance, privacy and interoperability capabilities. The 2025 Online Healthcare Services guideline requires registered practitioners, informed consent, secure platform tools, appropriate records and escalation when physical examination is necessary. Malaysia's amended data-protection framework and breach-notification guidance increase the consequences of weak cybersecurity and vendor controls. Fragmented provider systems also make nationwide integration costly, despite the existence of more than 10,000 private medical clinics and a national EMR pilot. **Data used:** 10,495 private medical clinics, 2023; Online Healthcare Services guideline, 2025 **So what:** Compliance architecture and clinical network quality should be treated as core investment capabilities rather than support functions. #### Q: How does Malaysia compare with other Southeast Asian virtual-care markets? **A:** Malaysia ranks fourth among the selected peer markets by estimated 2025 revenue, behind Indonesia, Thailand and Singapore but ahead of the Philippines. Malaysia's forecast CAGR of 15.2% is higher than Singapore's 11.2% and Thailand's 14.1%, while lower than Indonesia's 17.4% and the Philippines' 16.8%. Malaysia differentiates through 98.0% internet usage, approximately 2.5 physicians per 1,000 residents and a substantial private clinic network, supporting commercially viable hybrid-care and enterprise distribution models. **Data used:** Fourth-largest peer market, 2025; 15.2% CAGR, 2026-2031 **So what:** Regional entrants should view Malaysia as a high-connectivity market suited to premium integration and B2B2C models. #### Q: What demand factor will have the greatest impact on adoption? **A:** The combination of near-universal digital access and high outpatient demand will have the greatest impact. Malaysia recorded 98.0% internet usage in 2024, while Ministry of Health public health facilities handled approximately 43.9 million outpatient attendances in 2023. Digital channels can reduce travel and waiting burdens, support medication follow-up and extend specialist access. Adoption will be strongest where platforms are embedded in trusted clinic, employer, insurer and pharmacy networks rather than offered as isolated consumer applications. **Data used:** 98.0% internet usage, 2024; 43.9 million public health-facility outpatient attendances, 2023 **So what:** Distribution partnerships and care-pathway integration will matter more than app downloads alone. --- ## Table of Contents # Table of Contents ### Market Report Structure Comprehensive coverage across three strategic phases, Market Assessment, Go-To-Market Strategy, and Survey, delivering end-to-end insights from market analysis and execution roadmap to customer demand validation. ## Market Assessment Phase Supply-side and competitive intelligence covering market sizing, segmentation, competitive dynamics, regulatory landscape, and future forecasts. ### 1. Executive Summary and Approach ### 2. Malaysia E-Health and Virtual Clinics Market Overview #### 2.1 Key Insights and Strategic Recommendations #### 2.2 Malaysia E-Health and Virtual Clinics Market Overview #### 2.3 Definition and Scope #### 2.4 Evolution of Market Ecosystem #### 2.5 Timeline of Key Regulatory Milestones #### 2.6 Value Chain and Stakeholder Mapping #### 2.7 Business Cycle Analysis #### 2.8 Policy and Incentive Landscape ### 3. Malaysia E-Health and Virtual Clinics Market Analysis #### 3.1 Growth Drivers ##### 3.1.1 Near-Universal Digital Access ##### 3.1.2 High Outpatient Service Burden ##### 3.1.3 Policy Support for Digitized Care #### 3.2 Market Challenges ##### 3.2.1 Fragmented Records and Interoperability ##### 3.2.2 Privacy, Cybersecurity and Clinical Governance Costs ##### 3.2.3 Low-Priced Consultations and Clinical Limitations #### 3.3 Market Opportunities ##### 3.3.1 Employer and Insurer-Integrated Virtual Care ##### 3.3.2 Remote Chronic-Care Management ##### 3.3.3 Interoperable Clinical Software and AI Workflows #### 3.4 Market Trends ##### 3.4.1 Shift from Teleconsultation to Longitudinal Care ##### 3.4.2 Expansion of Hybrid Virtual and Physical Networks ##### 3.4.3 Growth of AI-Assisted Clinical Documentation ##### 3.4.4 Integration of Pharmacy and Diagnostic Fulfilment #### 3.5 Government Regulation ##### 3.5.1 Guideline on Online Healthcare Services ##### 3.5.2 Malaysian Medical Council Telemedicine Requirements ##### 3.5.3 Personal Data Protection Amendment Requirements ##### 3.5.4 National EMR and Health Information Exchange Standards ### 4. SWOT Analysis ### 5. Stakeholder Analysis ### 6. Porter's Five Forces Analysis ### 7. Malaysia E-Health and Virtual Clinics Market Size #### 7.1 By Value #### 7.2 By Paid Digital Care Interactions #### 7.3 By Blended Revenue per Interaction ### 8. Malaysia E-Health and Virtual Clinics Market Segmentation #### 8.1 Service Type ##### 8.1.1 Virtual Consultations ##### 8.1.2 Remote Patient Monitoring ##### 8.1.3 Digital Care Management ##### 8.1.4 E-Prescription and Care Coordination #### 8.2 Care Setting ##### 8.2.1 Home-Based Care ##### 8.2.2 Primary Care Clinics ##### 8.2.3 Hospitals and Specialist Centres ##### 8.2.4 Corporate and Workplace Care #### 8.3 End User ##### 8.3.1 Patients and Caregivers ##### 8.3.2 Healthcare Providers ##### 8.3.3 Employers and Insurers ##### 8.3.4 Government and Public Health Agencies #### 8.4 Disease Area ##### 8.4.1 General Primary Care ##### 8.4.2 Chronic Disease Management ##### 8.4.3 Mental and Behavioural Health ##### 8.4.4 Women's and Family Health #### 8.5 Channel ##### 8.5.1 Mobile Applications ##### 8.5.2 Web Portals ##### 8.5.3 Employer and Insurer Platforms ##### 8.5.4 Integrated Provider Systems #### 8.6 Technology ##### 8.6.1 Video, Audio and Chat Platforms ##### 8.6.2 Cloud EHR and HIE Integration ##### 8.6.3 AI-Assisted Clinical Tools ##### 8.6.4 Connected Devices and Wearables #### 8.7 Geography ##### 8.7.1 Central Region ##### 8.7.2 Northern Region ##### 8.7.3 Southern and East Coast Region ##### 8.7.4 East Malaysia ### 9. Malaysia E-Health and Virtual Clinics Market Competitive Analysis #### 9.1 Market Share of Key Players (Micro, Small, Medium, Large Enterprises) #### 9.2 Cross Comparison of Key Players ##### 9.2.1 Company Name ##### 9.2.2 Group Size (Large, Medium, or Small as per industry convention) ##### 9.2.3 Paid Virtual Care Encounters ##### 9.2.4 Provider Network Coverage ##### 9.2.5 Revenue Growth ##### 9.2.6 Contribution Margin #### 9.3 SWOT Analysis of Top Players #### 9.4 Pricing Analysis #### 9.5 Detailed Profile of Major Companies ##### 9.5.1 DoctorOnCall ##### 9.5.2 DOC2US ##### 9.5.3 BookDoc ##### 9.5.4 Naluri ##### 9.5.5 HealthMetrics ##### 9.5.6 TeleMe ##### 9.5.7 Qmed Asia ##### 9.5.8 Doctor Anywhere ##### 9.5.9 Speedoc ##### 9.5.10 WhiteCoat ### 10. Malaysia E-Health and Virtual Clinics Market End-User Analysis #### 10.1 Procurement Behavior of Key End-Users ##### 10.1.1 Consumer Self-Pay Selection Criteria ##### 10.1.2 Employer Virtual-Care Procurement ##### 10.1.3 Insurer and TPA Contracting Requirements ##### 10.1.4 Hospital Technology Procurement Cycles #### 10.2 Corporate Spend Patterns ##### 10.2.1 Per-Employee Subscription Models ##### 10.2.2 Utilization-Based Care Fees ##### 10.2.3 Claims-Integrated Payment Models ##### 10.2.4 Preventive and Chronic-Care Budgets #### 10.3 Pain Point Analysis by End-User Category ##### 10.3.1 Patient Access and Trust Barriers ##### 10.3.2 Clinician Workflow and Documentation Burden ##### 10.3.3 Employer Engagement and Utilization Gaps ##### 10.3.4 Insurer Cost-Control and Fraud Risks #### 10.4 User Readiness for Adoption ##### 10.4.1 Mobile and Internet Readiness ##### 10.4.2 Willingness to Share Health Data ##### 10.4.3 Acceptance of Remote Monitoring ##### 10.4.4 Trust in AI-Assisted Care #### 10.5 Post-Deployment ROI and Use Case Expansion ##### 10.5.1 Reduced Outpatient Navigation Costs ##### 10.5.2 Improved Chronic-Care Adherence ##### 10.5.3 Lower Employee Absenteeism ##### 10.5.4 Expansion into Diagnostics and Pharmacy ### 11. Malaysia E-Health and Virtual Clinics Market Future Size #### 11.1 By Value #### 11.2 By Paid Digital Care Interactions #### 11.3 By Blended Revenue per Interaction ## Go-To-Market Strategy Phase Entry strategy evaluation, execution roadmap, partner recommendations, and profitability outlook. ### 1. Whitespace Analysis and Business Model Canvas #### 1.1 Underserved Chronic-Care Populations #### 1.2 East Malaysia Virtual Access Gaps #### 1.3 SME Employee Health Opportunities #### 1.4 Specialist and Allied Health Whitespace ### 2. Marketing and Positioning Recommendations #### 2.1 Clinical Trust and Safety Positioning #### 2.2 Convenience and Access Messaging #### 2.3 Employer Cost-Saving Proposition #### 2.4 Chronic-Care Outcome Positioning ### 3. Distribution Plan #### 3.1 Direct-to-Consumer Mobile Acquisition #### 3.2 Employer and Insurer Partnerships #### 3.3 Clinic and Hospital Integration #### 3.4 Pharmacy and Laboratory Distribution ### 4. Channel and Pricing Gaps #### 4.1 Consumer Consultation Price Compression #### 4.2 Enterprise Subscription Packaging #### 4.3 Outcome-Based Chronic-Care Pricing #### 4.4 Provider Software Monetization ### 5. Unmet Demand and Latent Needs #### 5.1 Rural Specialist Access #### 5.2 Continuous Chronic-Care Monitoring #### 5.3 Integrated Mental Health Support #### 5.4 Post-Discharge Virtual Follow-Up ### 6. Customer Relationship #### 6.1 Onboarding and Identity Verification #### 6.2 Longitudinal Patient Engagement #### 6.3 Caregiver and Family Accounts #### 6.4 Enterprise Account Management ### 7. Value Proposition #### 7.1 Faster Access to Licensed Professionals #### 7.2 Lower Care Navigation Friction #### 7.3 Integrated Digital and Physical Care #### 7.4 Measurable Employer and Payer Outcomes ### 8. Key Activities #### 8.1 Provider Recruitment and Credentialing #### 8.2 Platform Compliance and Cybersecurity #### 8.3 Pharmacy and Diagnostic Integration #### 8.4 Clinical Quality and Outcome Measurement ### 9. Entry Strategy Evaluation #### 9.1 Domestic Market Entry Strategy ##### 9.1.1 Establish Malaysian Clinical Governance ##### 9.1.2 Secure Employer and Insurer Pilots ##### 9.1.3 Build Pharmacy and Clinic Coverage ##### 9.1.4 Scale Consumer Acquisition Selectively #### 9.2 Export Entry Strategy ##### 9.2.1 Localize Clinical and Data Compliance ##### 9.2.2 Partner with Regional Insurers ##### 9.2.3 Adapt Provider Network Architecture ##### 9.2.4 Standardize Interoperability Interfaces ### 10. Entry Mode Assessment #### 10.1 Greenfield Platform Launch #### 10.2 Joint Venture with Provider Network #### 10.3 Acquisition of Local Healthtech Platform #### 10.4 White-Label Enterprise Deployment ### 11. Capital and Timeline Estimation #### 11.1 Platform Localization Investment #### 11.2 Clinical Network Development Cost #### 11.3 Regulatory and Security Expenditure #### 11.4 Customer Acquisition Funding ### 12. Control vs Risk Trade-Off #### 12.1 Clinical Control vs Network Scalability #### 12.2 Direct Sales vs Channel Dependence #### 12.3 Proprietary Systems vs Open Integration #### 12.4 Rapid Growth vs Compliance Readiness ### 13. Profitability Outlook #### 13.1 Consumer Consultation Contribution Margin #### 13.2 Enterprise Subscription Economics #### 13.3 Remote Monitoring Revenue Potential #### 13.4 Provider Software Margin Expansion ### 14. Potential Partner List #### 14.1 Private Hospital and Clinic Groups #### 14.2 Insurers and Third-Party Administrators #### 14.3 Pharmacy and Laboratory Networks #### 14.4 Employers and Benefits Consultants ### 15. Execution Roadmap #### 15.1 Phased Plan for Market Entry ##### 15.1.1 Market Setup ##### 15.1.2 Market Entry ##### 15.1.3 Growth Acceleration ##### 15.1.4 Scale and Stabilize #### 15.2 Key Activities and Milestones ##### 15.2.1 Complete Regulatory and Security Readiness ##### 15.2.2 Launch Employer and Insurer Pilots ##### 15.2.3 Expand Provider and Fulfilment Networks ##### 15.2.4 Introduce Remote Monitoring and AI Services ## Survey Phase Demand-side primary research conducted through structured interviews and online surveys with end users across priority metros and Tier 2/3 cities to capture consumption behavior, unmet needs, and purchase drivers. ### 1. Research Design and Sample Architecture #### 1.1 Research Objectives and Scope #### 1.2 Sample Size Rationale and Representation #### 1.3 Customer Cohort Definitions #### 1.4 Geographic Coverage, Priority Metros and Tier 2/3 Cities ### 2. Data Collection Methodology #### 2.1 Structured Interview Framework (50 In-Depth Interviews) ##### 2.1.1 Interview Guide and Question Design ##### 2.1.2 Respondent Recruitment and Screening Criteria ##### 2.1.3 Interview Execution and Quality Control ##### 2.1.4 Qualitative Coding and Insight Extraction #### 2.2 Online Survey Design (200 Structured Surveys) ##### 2.2.1 Survey Instrument and Attribute Coverage ##### 2.2.2 Platform Selection and Distribution Channels ##### 2.2.3 Response Validation and Data Cleaning ##### 2.2.4 Statistical Significance and Margin of Error ### 3. Customer Cohort Profiles #### 3.1 Cohort 1, Large Enterprise End Users ##### 3.1.1 Cohort Definition and Size ##### 3.1.2 Key Demand Attributes ##### 3.1.3 Purchase Decision Drivers ##### 3.1.4 Represented Sample Size and Metro Distribution #### 3.2 Cohort 2, Mid-Size Enterprise End Users ##### 3.2.1 Cohort Definition and Size ##### 3.2.2 Key Demand Attributes ##### 3.2.3 Purchase Decision Drivers ##### 3.2.4 Represented Sample Size and City Distribution #### 3.3 Cohort 3, Small and Emerging Enterprise End Users ##### 3.3.1 Cohort Definition and Size ##### 3.3.2 Key Demand Attributes ##### 3.3.3 Purchase Decision Drivers ##### 3.3.4 Represented Sample Size and Tier 2/3 City Distribution #### 3.4 Cohort 4, Institutional and Government End Users ##### 3.4.1 Cohort Definition and Size ##### 3.4.2 Key Demand Attributes ##### 3.4.3 Procurement and Compliance Drivers ##### 3.4.4 Represented Sample Size and Regional Distribution ### 4. Demand Attributes Analysis #### 4.1 Macroeconomic and Sectoral Growth Influences on Demand ##### 4.1.1 Healthcare Expenditure and Outpatient Demand ##### 4.1.2 Internet and Mobile Access Impact ##### 4.1.3 Employer Benefits and Insurance Coverage ##### 4.1.4 Public Health Reform and Digital Investment #### 4.2 End-User Behavior and Consumption Patterns ##### 4.2.1 Frequency and Type of Virtual Consultations ##### 4.2.2 Chronic-Care Monitoring Frequency ##### 4.2.3 Platform Loyalty vs Price Sensitivity ##### 4.2.4 Switching Triggers and Retention Factors #### 4.3 Pricing Perception and Value Assessment ##### 4.3.1 Willingness to Pay Across Cohorts ##### 4.3.2 Price Benchmarking Against Physical Consultations ##### 4.3.3 Employer and Insurer Pricing Preferences ##### 4.3.4 Total Cost of Care Perception #### 4.4 Quality, Safety, and Compliance Expectations ##### 4.4.1 Practitioner Credentialing Requirements ##### 4.4.2 Privacy and Data Security Awareness ##### 4.4.3 Clinical Escalation and Referral Expectations ##### 4.4.4 Medication Fulfilment and Follow-Up Support #### 4.5 Cultural, Regional, and Contextual Demand Factors ##### 4.5.1 Urban and Rural Access Differences ##### 4.5.2 Language and Cultural Preferences ##### 4.5.3 Family and Caregiver Influence ##### 4.5.4 Digital Health Literacy and Trust #### 4.6 Marketing, Awareness, and Channel Influence ##### 4.6.1 Employer and Insurer Communication ##### 4.6.2 Role of Digital Marketing ##### 4.6.3 Clinic and Pharmacy Recommendations ##### 4.6.4 Hospital and Specialist Referral Influence ### 5. Unmet Needs and Latent Demand Signals #### 5.1 Identified Gaps Between Current Supply and User Expectations #### 5.2 Latent Demand in Underpenetrated Regions #### 5.3 Willingness to Adopt Monitoring and AI Technologies #### 5.4 Pain Points Surfaced Across Cohorts ### 6. Key Findings and Strategic Implications #### 6.1 Top Demand Drivers Ranked by Cohort #### 6.2 Barriers to Purchase and Adoption #### 6.3 High-Priority Customer Segments for Market Entry #### 6.4 Recommendations for Product, Pricing, and Channel Strategy ### Disclaimer ### Contact Us