# USA Electric Arc Furnace Market --- ## Market Overview # CHAPTER 1 - Market Overview The USA Electric Arc Furnace Market serves steel producers through furnace vessels, transformers, electrode regulation, off-gas systems, automation, engineering, rebuilds, and lifecycle services. Electric furnaces produced **71.8% of 79.5 million metric tons of U.S. crude steel in 2024**. This high process penetration creates recurring demand for upgrades and maintenance even when greenfield mill construction slows. Demand is concentrated across the Midwest and South, where steelmaking clusters combine scrap availability, rail access, industrial power, and downstream manufacturing. Indiana generated **19% of U.S. raw steel output in 2025**, followed by Ohio at 8%, Texas at 5%, and Pennsylvania at 4%. Suppliers with regional field-service coverage can reduce outage duration and capture higher-value modernization contracts. Market access depends on air-emissions compliance, greenhouse-gas reporting, worker safety, and state permitting. Electric arc furnace steelmaking is explicitly covered under **40 CFR Part 98, Subpart Q**, while federal hazardous-air-pollutant standards apply to EAF steelmaking facilities. Compliance elevates demand for baghouses, continuous monitoring, capture hoods, process controls, and auditable operating records. The strategic direction favors domestic capacity renewal and more protected steel supply chains. U.S. steel tariffs increased to **50% in June 2025**, while net import reliance was estimated at 13% of apparent consumption. This policy environment improves the investment case for domestic mills, but project economics remain sensitive to electricity, scrap quality, construction labor, and equipment lead times. ## KPIs at a Glance * Market Value: USD 1,520 Mn (2025) * Dominant Region: Midwest and South Industrial Belt * Dominant Segment: Product Type (AC Electric Arc Furnaces) * Total Number of Players: 38 ## Future Outlook The USA Electric Arc Furnace Market is projected to expand from USD 1,520 Mn in 2025 to USD 2,449 Mn by 2031, representing an 8.3% forecast CAGR versus 7.8% during 2020-2025. Growth will be supported by large sheet-mill projects, furnace replacement cycles, power-system upgrades, scrap preheating, off-gas recovery, and advanced automation. Annual EAF steel output is modeled to increase from 59.0 million metric tons in 2025 to 74.5 million metric tons by 2031 as additional capacity enters service and existing facilities raise throughput. Profit pools should shift toward integrated technology packages that combine furnace hardware, electrical systems, emissions capture, dynamic process control, and long-term service agreements. The strongest opportunities will arise where suppliers can document lower tap-to-tap time, reduced electricity consumption, higher metallic yield, lower electrode use, and improved availability. Investors should prioritize vendors with U.S. service infrastructure, proven references in high-power AC furnaces, digital optimization capability, and exposure to both greenfield installations and recurring brownfield modernization programs. --- | | | | --- | --- | | **8.3%** Forecast CAGR | **$2,449 Mn** 2031 Projection | --- | | | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Base Year **2025** | Historical Period **2020-2025** | Forecast Period **2026-2031** | Historical CAGR **7.8%** | --- ## Scope of the Report # CHAPTER 2 - Scope of the Market * **Geographic Coverage:** United States, with state-cluster analysis across the Midwest, South, Northeast, and West * **Historical Period:** 2020-2025 * **Base Year:** 2025 * **Forecast Period:** 2026-2031 * **Market Segments Covered:** 7 primary segmentation dimensions (Product Type, End-Use Industry, Application, Customer Type, Sales Channel, Technology, Geography) * **Companies Covered:** Top 10 key players profiled * **Currency & Units:** USD, values expressed in USD Mn/Bn ### Segmentation Data Tree * Product Type + AC Electric Arc Furnaces - Conventional high-power systems - Ultra-high-power systems + DC Electric Arc Furnaces - Single-electrode systems - Multi-electrode configurations + Submerged Arc Furnaces - Ferroalloy furnaces - Specialty metal furnaces + Auxiliary Melt-Shop Systems - Ladle refining systems - Off-gas and material-handling systems * End-Use Industry + Carbon Steel - Long products - Flat products + Specialty Steel - Tool and bearing steel - Electrical and engineered steel + Stainless Steel - Austenitic grades - Ferritic and duplex grades + Foundry and Ferroalloy - Ferrous castings - Ferroalloy production * Application + New Melt Shops - Greenfield minimills - New specialty melt shops + Capacity Expansion - Additional furnace lines - Transformer and power upgrades + Furnace Replacement - Vessel replacement - Legacy furnace conversion + Modernization and Compliance - Automation retrofits - Emissions-control retrofits * Customer Type + Mini-Mill Operators - Long-product minimills - Flat-product minimills + Integrated Steelmakers - Hybrid-route producers - Conversion-project operators + Specialty Steel Producers - Stainless producers - High-alloy producers + Foundries and Alloy Producers - Large ferrous foundries - Ferroalloy smelters * Sales Channel + Direct OEM Contracts - Turnkey furnace supply - Direct replacement packages + EPC Packages - Greenfield EPC delivery - Brownfield EPC upgrades + System Integrators - Electrical integration - Automation integration + Aftermarket Service Agreements - Planned maintenance contracts - Performance-based service * Technology + Ultra-High-Power AC - High-current transformers - Advanced electrode regulation + DC Single-Electrode - Bottom-electrode designs - High-current DC power systems + Scrap Preheating - Shaft preheating - Conveyor preheating + AI Process Control - Dynamic energy optimization - Predictive maintenance analytics * Geography + Midwest - Indiana and Ohio - Michigan and Illinois + South - Texas and Arkansas - Alabama and Mississippi + Northeast - Pennsylvania cluster - New York corridor + West - California and Arizona - Pacific Northwest --- ## Market Trajectory # Market Size, Growth Forecast and Trends This section evaluates the historical market size, analyzes year-over-year growth dynamics, and presents forecast projections supported by market performance indicators and demand-side drivers. ### Historical and Projected Market Size | Year | Market Size (USD Mn) | | --- | --- | | 2020 | 1,045 | | 2021 | 1,150 | | 2022 | 1,270 | | 2023 | 1,390 | | 2024 | 1,455 | | 2025 | 1,520 | | 2026F | 1,640 | | 2027F | 1,772 | | 2028F | 1,918 | | 2029F | 2,078 | | 2030F | 2,254 | | 2031F | 2,449 | ### YoY Growth Rate | Year | YoY Growth (%) | | --- | --- | | 2021 | 10.0% | | 2022 | 10.4% | | 2023 | 9.4% | | 2024 | 4.7% | | 2025 | 4.5% | | 2026F | 7.9% | | 2027F | 8.0% | | 2028F | 8.2% | | 2029F | 8.3% | | 2030F | 8.5% | | 2031F | 8.7% | ### Market Value vs Volume Growth | Year | Market Value Growth (%) | EAF Steel Output Growth (%) | | --- | --- | --- | | 2020 | - | - | | 2021 | 10.0% | 16.5% | | 2022 | 10.4% | -4.8% | | 2023 | 9.4% | 2.4% | | 2024 | 4.7% | -2.6% | | 2025 | 4.5% | 3.3% | | 2026F | 7.9% | 3.4% | | 2027F | 8.0% | 3.6% | | 2028F | 8.2% | 4.0% | | 2029F | 8.3% | 4.1% | | 2030F | 8.5% | 4.2% | ### Historical Market Performance (2020-2025) Market revenue expanded at a 7.8% CAGR through 2025. The strongest annual increase was 10.4% in 2022, even as EAF steel output declined 4.8%, because project mix shifted toward higher-value power, automation, and modernization packages amid elevated equipment and construction costs. Growth moderated to 4.7% in 2024 and 4.5% in 2025 as major projects moved between procurement phases. Recurring lifecycle demand remained resilient because the U.S. operated more than 100 minimills and EAFs represented roughly 72% of domestic crude steel production. ### Forecast Market Outlook (2026-2031) The forecast assumes revenue growth accelerates from 7.9% in 2026 to 8.7% in 2031, closing at USD 2,449 Mn. Value growth is expected to exceed steel-output growth because buyers will allocate more spending to digital controls, electrical optimization, off-gas treatment, scrap preheating, and integrated service contracts. EAF steel output is projected to reach 74.5 million metric tons by 2031, while installed capacity approaches 130 million metric tons. The base case depends on timely completion of announced sheet mills and continued modernization of existing minimills. --- ## Market Breakdown # CHAPTER 4 - Market Breakdown The market combines cyclical greenfield project revenue with a recurring installed-base opportunity spanning furnace rebuilds, power systems, automation, emissions control, and lifecycle services. The operating KPI trajectory indicates increasing equipment intensity per ton of EAF steel produced. | Year | Market Size (USD Mn) | YoY Growth (%) | EAF Steel Output (Mn Metric Tons) | EAF Share of Raw Steel (%) | EAF Capacity (Mn Metric Tons/Year) | Period | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 2020 | 1,045 | - | 51.6 | 71.0% | 95 | Historical | | 2021 | 1,150 | 10.0% | 60.1 | 70.0% | 98 | Historical | | 2022 | 1,270 | 10.4% | 57.2 | 71.0% | 100 | Historical | | 2023 | 1,390 | 9.4% | 58.6 | 72.0% | 103 | Historical | | 2024 | 1,455 | 4.7% | 57.1 | 71.8% | 107 | Historical | | 2025 | 1,520 | 4.5% | 59.0 | 72.0% | 105 | Base Year | | 2026 | 1,640 | 7.9% | 61.0 | 73.0% | 110 | Forecast and Latest Operating KPIs | | 2027 | 1,772 | 8.0% | 63.2 | 74.0% | 114 | Forecast and Industry Outlook | | 2028 | 1,918 | 8.2% | 65.7 | 75.0% | 118 | Forecast and Industry Outlook | | 2029 | 2,078 | 8.3% | 68.4 | 76.0% | 122 | Forecast and Industry Outlook | | 2030 | 2,254 | 8.5% | 71.3 | 77.0% | 126 | Forecast and Industry Outlook | | 2031 | 2,449 | 8.7% | 74.5 | 78.0% | 130 | Forecast and Industry Outlook | **KPI 1, EAF Steel Output:** **59.0 million metric tons, 2025, United States**. Output supports a broad aftermarket for refractory systems, electrodes, controls, cooling, and maintenance. Total U.S. raw steel production was estimated at 82 million metric tons in 2025. **KPI 2, EAF Share of Raw Steel:** **71.8%, 2024, United States**. The dominant process share makes EAF technology the primary addressable steelmaking equipment platform. Worldsteel reported a global EAF share of only 29.1% in 2024. **KPI 3, EAF Capacity:** **105 million metric tons per year, 2025, United States**. Capacity additions should restore growth after near-term idling. Nucor's West Virginia sheet mill alone is designed for 3 million tons of annual capacity. --- --- ## Market Segmentation # CHAPTER 5 - Market Segmentation Framework Comprehensive analysis across key dimensions providing insights into market structure, buyer requirements, technology adoption, and route-to-market patterns. | | | | | --- | --- | --- | | **No of Segments:** 7 | **Dominant Segment:** Product Type | **Fastest Growing Segment:** Technology | ### Segmentation Framework | Priority | Level-1 Segment / Taxonomy Dimension | Level-2 Sub-Segments | | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | Product Type | AC Electric Arc Furnaces; DC Electric Arc Furnaces; Submerged Arc Furnaces; Auxiliary Melt-Shop Systems | | 2 | End-Use Industry | Carbon Steel; Specialty Steel; Stainless Steel; Foundry and Ferroalloy | | 3 | Application | New Melt Shops; Capacity Expansion; Furnace Replacement; Modernization and Compliance | | 4 | Customer Type | Mini-Mill Operators; Integrated Steelmakers; Specialty Steel Producers; Foundries and Alloy Producers | | 5 | Sales Channel | Direct OEM Contracts; EPC Packages; System Integrators; Aftermarket Service Agreements | | 6 | Technology | Ultra-High-Power AC; DC Single-Electrode; Scrap Preheating; AI Process Control | | 7 | Geography | Midwest; South; Northeast; West | ### Key Segmentation Takeaways Comprehensive analysis across all extracted segmentation dimensions provides a structured view of demand pools, procurement routes, technical differentiation, installed-base service requirements, and regional investment concentration. **Product Type** - Product Type is the dominant segmentation dimension because furnace configuration establishes the core capital value, electrical architecture, operating envelope, and aftermarket requirement. AC Electric Arc Furnaces represent the broadest installed base across U.S. carbon-steel minimills. Auxiliary Melt-Shop Systems add substantial revenue through transformers, off-gas capture, material handling, water cooling, and ladle-refining packages. **Technology** - Technology is the fastest growing segmentation dimension as operators prioritize energy efficiency, tap-to-tap reduction, metallic yield, predictive maintenance, and emissions visibility. AI Process Control is the strongest growth pocket because software and sensor upgrades can be deployed across existing furnaces with lower shutdown requirements than vessel replacement, while scrap preheating supports both productivity and electricity-cost reduction. --- ## Regional Analysis # Regional Analysis The United States is the largest EAF equipment and lifecycle-services market among its selected industrial peers because it combines a high EAF process share, more than 100 minimills, large brownfield requirements, and multiple multibillion-dollar greenfield projects. Japan is the closest growth challenger as high-grade steel producers begin replacing blast-furnace capacity with large EAF installations. ### KPI Summary * Focus Country Ranking: **1st** * Focus Country Market Size: **USD 1.52 Bn** * Focus Country CAGR (2026-2031): **8.3%** | Country | Market Size | CAGR (%) | Crude Steel Output 2024 (Mn Metric Tons) | EAF Share 2024 (%) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | United States | USD 1.52 Bn | 8.3% | 79.5 | 71.8% | | Japan | USD 1.18 Bn | 8.8% | 84.0 | 26.2% | | Germany | USD 1.05 Bn | 7.8% | 37.2 | 29.1% | | Türkiye | USD 0.84 Bn | 7.9% | 36.9 | 70.0% | | Mexico | USD 0.62 Bn | 7.4% | 13.8 | 96.6% | | Canada | USD 0.48 Bn | 6.5% | 12.3 | 43.0% | ### Market Position The United States ranks first at USD 1.52 Bn, supported by 71.8% EAF penetration and a 107-million-ton capacity base in 2024. ### Growth Advantage The U.S. forecast CAGR of 8.3% exceeds Canada at 6.5% and Mexico at 7.4%, while Japan leads narrowly at 8.8% on blast-furnace conversion investment. ### Competitive Strengths The United States combines 102 minimills, 105 million tons of capacity, domestic scrap depth, and active projects exceeding USD 7 billion across Nucor and U.S. Steel. Comprehensive analysis of key factors shaping the market, including growth catalysts, operational challenges, and emerging opportunities across production, distribution, and industrial technology segments. --- ## Growth Drivers ### Growth Drivers, Challenges & Opportunities Comprehensive analysis of key factors shaping the USA Electric Arc Furnace Market, including growth catalysts, operational challenges, and emerging opportunities across production, distribution, and industrial technology segments. ## Growth Drivers ### Dominant Domestic EAF Installed Base The U.S. steel system already produces **71.8% of crude steel through EAFs (2024, United States)**, creating a large recurring modernization and service pool. * U.S. EAF production was distributed across **102 minimills with 105 million metric tons of capacity (2025, United States)**, supporting replacement demand for furnace shells, transformers, automation, off-gas systems, and water-cooling assets. * Domestic raw steel output reached **82 million metric tons with estimated sales of USD 149 billion (2025, United States)**, giving suppliers a broad revenue base for equipment, spares, digital controls, and lifecycle services. * Construction, service centers, and automotive represented **31%, 26%, and 15% of steel demand (2025, United States)**, respectively, diversifying the end-market exposure supporting EAF investment decisions. ### Multibillion-Dollar Melt-Shop Investment Large greenfield commitments are expanding the addressable project pipeline, led by Nucor's **USD 4 billion, 3-million-ton mill (current project, United States)**. * U.S. Steel's Big River 2 includes **two EAFs and 3 million tons of annual capacity (United States)**, creating demand for complete melt-shop packages, electrical systems, material handling, and process automation. * The wider Big River expansion represents **more than USD 3 billion and four EAFs across the complex (United States)**, strengthening the market for commissioning, optimization, maintenance, and spare-parts contracts. * A federal award of up to **USD 500 million supports two electric melting furnaces and about 1 million tons of annual GHG reduction (United States)**, lowering transition risk for first-wave integrated-mill conversions. ### Digital and Environmental Modernization Federal support of **USD 171 million across 49 industrial projects (United States)** reinforces investment in efficiency, controls, electrification, and emissions reduction. * Iron and steel facilities report EAF emissions under **40 CFR Part 98, Subpart Q (United States)**, increasing demand for auditable metering, data historians, emissions controls, and digital compliance workflows. * Off-gas heat recovery and control can provide approximately **100 kWh per ton of energy opportunity (industry benchmark)**, improving the investment case for scrap preheating, furnace sealing, and intelligent combustion systems. * Eccentric bottom tapping can save about **13.6 kWh per ton, with a USD 3.3 million reference modification for a 760,000-ton furnace**, illustrating monetizable brownfield efficiency economics. --- ## Market Challenges ### Electricity and Grid Exposure Conventional EAF operations require approximately **450 kWh per ton of steel (industry benchmark)**, making power availability, tariffs, and demand charges central margin variables. * At an estimated **59 million metric tons of EAF output in 2025**, direct furnace electricity demand is approximately 26.6 TWh before auxiliary loads, creating strong incentives for power-quality systems and energy optimization. * The national EAF fleet has **105 million metric tons of annual capacity (2025, United States)**, so simultaneous expansion can strain interconnection queues and require substation, transformer, and transmission upgrades beyond the furnace package. * Energy savings of about **100 kWh per ton from advanced off-gas control** remain site dependent, requiring stable scrap charging, sensors, and operating discipline before projected savings translate into bankable cash flow. ### Scrap Quality and Metallic Cost Volatility Steel Dynamics reported an average ferrous scrap cost of **USD 387 per ton in 2025 (United States)**, underscoring metallics as the dominant operating-cost exposure. * With **71.8% of U.S. crude steel produced through EAFs in 2024**, competition for prime scrap can compress margins and increase the value of DRI, pig iron, sorting, and chemistry-control solutions. * The United States imported **24 million metric tons of steel products with 13% net import reliance in 2025**, so trade actions can shift domestic production, scrap demand, and melt-shop utilization rapidly. * Finished steel imports totaled **18.665 million net tons in 2025**, meaning domestic utilization remains exposed to product-level trade flows that influence furnace schedules and aftermarket spending. ### Project Cyclicality and Execution Risk U.S. raw steel output moved from approximately **81 million metric tons in 2024 to 82 million metric tons in 2025**, limiting utilization-led equipment growth despite active capital projects. * A single greenfield mill can require **USD 4 billion of capital and 3 million tons of annual capacity**, concentrating supplier revenue in long procurement, construction, and commissioning schedules. * Big River's expansion exceeds **USD 3 billion**, so schedule slippage, equipment integration, workforce availability, and ramp-up performance can materially affect OEM backlog conversion and cash collection. * EAF operations face at least **two federal compliance workstreams, hazardous-air-pollutant controls and greenhouse-gas reporting**, which can extend brownfield modernization timelines and documentation requirements. --- ## Market Opportunities ### Greenfield and Capacity Expansion Packages Current projects exceeding **USD 7 billion across Nucor and U.S. Steel (United States)** support integrated furnace, automation, power, and service revenue pools. * OEMs and EPC providers can monetize complete melt-shop packages for **at least 6 million tons of announced annual capacity** across Nucor West Virginia and Big River 2. * Power-equipment, automation, and environmental-system suppliers benefit because each **3-million-ton mill implies roughly 1.35 TWh of annual furnace electricity at a 450 kWh-per-ton benchmark**. * Opportunity realization requires reliable utility interconnection and coordinated permitting because a **3-million-ton EAF mill can require about 1.35 TWh of direct annual furnace electricity**, excluding auxiliary loads. ### AI-Enabled Furnace Optimization Digital controls can target an energy baseline near **450 kWh per ton (industry benchmark)** while improving yield, electrode use, tap time, and maintenance planning. * Software vendors can capture recurring subscription and performance-service revenue across **102 U.S. minimills in 2025**, avoiding the long replacement cycle associated with complete furnace vessels. * Steelmakers benefit from combining off-gas analysis, scrap imaging, power regulation, and predictive maintenance to pursue approximately **100 kWh per ton of identified efficiency potential**. * Scaled adoption requires interoperable sensors, clean historical data, cybersecurity, and operator trust across a fleet producing approximately **59 million metric tons of EAF steel in 2025**. ### DRI-EAF and Advanced Grade Conversion Integrated-mill conversion is receiving federal support of up to **USD 500 million for two electric melting furnaces (United States)**, opening a premium technology segment. * Furnace OEMs can sell high-productivity melting, ladle metallurgy, and chemistry-control systems designed for mixed scrap and DRI feeds, with the reference project targeting **about 1 million tons of annual GHG reduction**. * Integrated steelmakers and automotive buyers benefit as EAF routes expand into higher-grade flat products; U.S. Steel reported **38% of production from EAFs in 2024**. * Commercial scale requires dependable low-carbon metallics and renewable power, while Big River is developing a **first-of-its-kind U.S. DRI facility linked to four EAFs**. --- ### 8. Growth Drivers, Challenges and Opportunities #### 8.1 Growth Drivers ##### 8.1.1 Dominant Domestic EAF Installed Base ##### 8.1.2 Multibillion-Dollar Melt-Shop Investment ##### 8.1.3 Digital and Environmental Modernization #### 8.2 Market Challenges ##### 8.2.1 Electricity and Grid Exposure ##### 8.2.2 Scrap Quality and Metallic Cost Volatility ##### 8.2.3 Project Cyclicality and Execution Risk #### 8.3 Market Opportunities ##### 8.3.1 Greenfield and Capacity Expansion Packages ##### 8.3.2 AI-Enabled Furnace Optimization ##### 8.3.3 DRI-EAF and Advanced Grade Conversion ### 9. Competitive Landscape Overview #### 9.1 Company Profiles of Top 10 Players #### 9.2 Top Cross-Comparison KPIs #### 9.3 Market Share, SWOT, Pricing, and Company Analysis ## Decision Support Phase ### 10. Key Target Audience #### 10.1 Investor and Corporate Use Cases #### 10.2 Government, Operator, and Lender Priorities #### 10.3 What You'll Gain ### 11. Research Methodology #### 11.1 Desk and Primary Research #### 11.2 Market Size Estimation #### 11.3 Primary Research Coverage ### 12. Frequently Asked Questions ### 13. Sources and Assumptions #### 13.1 Source Groups #### 13.2 Market Size Triangulation #### 13.3 Key Assumptions #### 13.4 Forecast Boundaries #### 13.5 Limitations --- ## Competitive Landscape # CHAPTER 8 - Competitive Landscape Overview The supplier landscape is concentrated among global furnace OEMs, automation groups, and engineering specialists. Competitive advantage depends on reference installations, complete melt-shop integration, U.S. service coverage, energy performance, and long-term lifecycle support. * **Key players:** 10 * **New Entrants (last 5 yrs):** - ### Company Profiles (Top 10 Players) | Company Name | Market Share | Headquarters | Founding Year | Core Market Focus | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Danieli & C. Officine Meccaniche S.p.A. | - | Buttrio, Italy | 1914 | Complete EAF melt shops, digital controls, rolling and lifecycle services | | SMS group GmbH | - | Düsseldorf, Germany | 1871 | EAF systems, power technology, automation, environmental and modernization packages | | Tenova S.p.A. | - | Castellanza, Italy | 2007 | EAF technology, Consteel charging, off-gas systems and process optimization | | Primetals Technologies Limited | - | London, United Kingdom | 2015 | EAF melt-shop engineering, electrics, automation, digitalization and service | | ABB Ltd. | - | Zurich, Switzerland | 1988 | Power systems, furnace control, drives, electrification and industrial automation | | Siemens AG | - | Munich and Berlin, Germany | 1847 | Industrial electrification, automation, digital twins and energy management | | Fives Group | - | Paris, France | 1812 | Combustion, thermal, environmental and melt-shop process equipment | | Sarralle | - | Azpeitia, Spain | 1965 | Turnkey melt shops, EAF equipment, material handling and environmental systems | | TMEIC Corporation | - | Tokyo, Japan | 2003 | Medium-voltage drives, power electronics, motors and process automation | | AMI Automation | - | Monterrey, Mexico | 1987 | EAF automation, electrode regulation, off-gas control and optimization software | The report provides detailed cross-comparison of key players across 4 performance parameters to identify competitive strengths and weaknesses. ### Top 4 Cross-Comparison KPIs * Installed Base References * EAF Capacity Delivered * Energy Efficiency Improvement * U.S. Lifecycle Service Coverage ### Analysis Covered * **Market Share Analysis:** Assesses supplier concentration using disclosed projects and installed references * **Cross Comparison Matrix:** Benchmarks capacity, technology breadth, services, and domestic execution * **SWOT Analysis:** Evaluates engineering depth, installed base, partnerships, and exposure * **Pricing Strategy Analysis:** Compares turnkey, equipment-only, software, and service contracting models * **Company Profiles:** Reviews ownership, headquarters, capabilities, references, and strategic positioning --- --- ## Key Stakeholders # CHAPTER 10 - Key Target Audience Key stakeholders who can leverage from this market analysis for investment, strategy, and operational planning. * **Investors:** CAGR, backlog conversion, capex cycles, technology risk * **Corporates:** furnace productivity, energy cost, yield, maintenance economics * **Government:** industrial capacity, emissions, grid load, trade resilience * **Operators:** tap time, electrode use, uptime, metallic yield * **Financial institutions:** project finance, covenants, utilization, counterparty strength ### What You'll Gain * Market sizing and trajectory * Project pipeline intelligence * Technology adoption priorities * Supplier landscape shortlist * Policy and compliance mapping * CEO-grade risk priorities --- --- ## Research Methodology # CHAPTER 11 - Research Methodology ### Phase 1: Approach #### Desk Research * Mapped U.S. EAF installed capacity * Reviewed steel output and process shares * Tracked announced melt-shop capital projects * Assessed energy and emissions regulations #### Primary Research * Interviewed melt-shop operations directors * Consulted furnace OEM sales leaders * Engaged steel plant maintenance managers * Validated automation procurement decision criteria #### Validation and Triangulation * Triangulated findings across 282 respondents * Reconciled capacity with production utilization * Cross-checked project values and timing * Validated unit economics with benchmarks ### Phase 2: Market Size Estimation #### Top-Down Assessment * Applied EAF capital intensity to installed capacity additions * Allocated spend across carbon, specialty, stainless, and foundry users * Reconciled output and capacity with official steel statistics #### Bottom-Up Modeling * Aggregated named project equipment and service values * Benchmarked furnace, automation, power, and retrofit pricing * Modeled installations multiplied by blended contract value #### Forecasting and Scenario Analysis * Modeled steel output, EAF share, and capacity utilization * Stress-tested grid constraints, scrap costs, and project delays * Developed baseline, optimistic, and constrained projections through 2031 ### Phase 3: Primary Research Coverage #### Scope Item / Segments Coverage spans the USA Electric Arc Furnace Market value chain from furnace engineering and power systems through steelmaking operations, automation, maintenance, and environmental compliance. * Furnace OEMs and EPCs * Mini-Mill Operators * Automation and Power Suppliers * Service and Compliance Specialists #### Sample Size A total of 282 respondents were engaged across market segments to ensure robust coverage of commercial, technical, operational, and regulatory decision-making. * Furnace OEMs and EPCs - 90 respondents (Sales Director, Project Engineering Manager) * Mini-Mill Operators - 76 respondents (Melt Shop Manager, Maintenance Director) * Automation and Power Suppliers - 64 respondents (Automation Lead, Power Systems Engineer) * Service and Compliance Specialists - 52 respondents (Field Service Manager, Environmental Manager) #### Validation and Triangulation Validation compared commercial estimates, operating data, project pipelines, and technical benchmarks across upstream suppliers and downstream steel producers. * Cross-segment contract value consistency checks * Equipment capacity versus steel output triangulation * Operational versus strategic respondent reconciliation * Energy intensity and utilization sanity checks --- ## Frequently Asked Questions # CHAPTER 12 - FAQs #### Q: How large is the USA Electric Arc Furnace Market and how fast will it grow? **A:** The USA Electric Arc Furnace Market is estimated at USD 1,520 Mn in 2025 and is projected to reach USD 2,449 Mn by 2031, representing an 8.3% forecast CAGR. Growth is supported by a large installed base, greenfield minimill investment, integrated-mill electrification, and rising spend on digital controls, power systems, and emissions equipment. The forecast is value based and includes new furnace systems, auxiliary melt-shop equipment, modernization, automation, engineering, spares, and lifecycle services sold into the United States. **Data used:** USD 1,520 Mn market value (2025); 8.3% CAGR (2026-2031). **So what:** Suppliers should balance large project capture with recurring brownfield service revenue to reduce order-cycle volatility. #### Q: What products and revenue streams are included in the market definition? **A:** The scope includes AC and DC electric arc furnaces, submerged arc furnaces where relevant to alloy and foundry applications, transformers, electrode regulation, scrap charging, off-gas systems, water cooling, material handling, automation, digital optimization, engineering, installation, retrofits, spares, and maintenance services. It excludes the value of steel sold, standalone scrap transactions, electrodes, refractories, and electricity unless these are bundled into an equipment or service contract. This boundary prevents double counting between steelmaker operating costs and supplier revenue. **Data used:** 4 product groups; 7 segmentation dimensions. **So what:** Investors should compare suppliers on addressable equipment and service revenue, not the much larger value of steel output. #### Q: Why is the United States strategically attractive for EAF suppliers? **A:** The United States combines one of the world's highest EAF process shares with a large steel-consuming economy and a deep installed base. EAFs produced 71.8% of U.S. crude steel in 2024, while official 2025 data identified 102 minimills and 105 million metric tons of capacity. Projects at Nucor West Virginia and U.S. Steel's Big River complex exceed USD 7 billion combined. This creates simultaneous demand for greenfield systems, capacity expansion, modernization, controls, environmental equipment, commissioning, and long-term maintenance. **Data used:** 71.8% EAF share (2024); 102 minimills and 105 Mn tonnes capacity (2025). **So what:** The strongest market positions will combine turnkey project capability with dense domestic field-service coverage. #### Q: What are the main risks affecting market growth and supplier margins? **A:** The main risks are project timing, electricity infrastructure, scrap quality, metallics costs, and execution complexity. Conventional EAFs use about 450 kWh per ton, so grid interconnection and power tariffs materially affect project economics. Average ferrous scrap cost at Steel Dynamics was USD 387 per ton in 2025, illustrating feedstock volatility. Large mills require multibillion-dollar capital, lengthy construction, permitting, and ramp-up periods. Suppliers also face fixed-price exposure, performance guarantees, imported component risk, and uneven backlog conversion. **Data used:** 450 kWh per ton energy benchmark; USD 387 per ton scrap cost (2025). **So what:** Contract structures should protect suppliers against commodity, schedule, and scope-change risk while preserving performance incentives. #### Q: Which technology segment is expected to grow fastest through 2031? **A:** AI Process Control is expected to be the fastest-growing technology segment because it can improve energy use, tap-to-tap time, yield, electrode consumption, and predictive maintenance across existing furnaces without requiring complete vessel replacement. The opportunity spans 102 U.S. minimills and can be monetized through software licenses, automation upgrades, optimization services, and outcome-based contracts. Scrap preheating and off-gas analytics are complementary technologies, with technical studies identifying approximately 100 kWh per ton of potential energy opportunity from advanced off-gas control. **Data used:** 102 U.S. minimills (2025); about 100 kWh per ton optimization potential. **So what:** Digital suppliers should prioritize interoperable retrofit packages with measurable energy, yield, and uptime baselines. #### Q: Who are the leading suppliers and what capabilities determine competitive advantage? **A:** Leading suppliers include Danieli, SMS group, Tenova, Primetals Technologies, ABB, Siemens, Fives, Sarralle, TMEIC, and AMI Automation. Competitive advantage depends less on standalone furnace hardware and more on integrated melt-shop delivery, reference installations, electrical and automation depth, emissions-control capability, commissioning performance, and U.S. lifecycle service coverage. Buyers increasingly favor suppliers that can coordinate furnace vessels, transformers, off-gas systems, material handling, digital controls, process guarantees, spare parts, and operator support under a unified execution model. **Data used:** 10 key suppliers profiled; 4 cross-comparison KPIs. **So what:** Vendors should build complete value propositions around productivity guarantees, local response time, and lifecycle economics. --- ## Table of Contents # CHAPTER 14 - Table Of Contents ### Market Report Structure Comprehensive coverage across three strategic phases — Market Assessment, Go-To-Market Strategy, and Survey — delivering end-to-end insights from market analysis and execution roadmap to customer demand validation. ## Market Assessment Phase Supply-side and competitive intelligence covering market sizing, segmentation, competitive dynamics, regulatory landscape, and future forecasts. ### 1. Executive Summary and Approach ### 2. USA Electric Arc Furnace Market Overview #### 2.1 Key Insights and Strategic Recommendations #### 2.2 USA Electric Arc Furnace Market Overview #### 2.3 Definition and Scope #### 2.4 Evolution of Market Ecosystem #### 2.5 Timeline of Key Regulatory Milestones #### 2.6 Value Chain and Stakeholder Mapping #### 2.7 Business Cycle Analysis #### 2.8 Policy and Incentive Landscape ### 3. USA Electric Arc Furnace Market Analysis #### 3.1 Growth Drivers ##### 3.1.1 Growth Drivers, Challenges & Opportunities ##### 3.1.2 Growth Drivers ##### 3.1.3 8. Growth Drivers, Challenges and Opportunities ##### 3.1.4 Rising Demand for Sustainable Steel Production in Mini-Mills #### 3.2 Market Challenges ##### 3.2.1 Market Challenges ##### 3.2.2 High Capital Costs for New Installations ##### 3.2.3 Scrap Supply Volatility Impacting Operations ##### 3.2.4 Workforce Shortages in Advanced Melt-Shop Technologies #### 3.3 Market Opportunities ##### 3.3.1 Market Opportunities ##### 3.3.2 Expansion of AI Process Control in Existing Facilities ##### 3.3.3 Growth in Aftermarket Service Agreements Across Regions ##### 3.3.4 Capacity Expansion Projects in South and Midwest Geographies #### 3.4 Market Trends ##### 3.4.1 Adoption of Ultra-High-Power AC Furnaces for Higher Throughput ##### 3.4.2 Integration of Scrap Preheating to Reduce Energy Consumption ##### 3.4.3 Shift Toward DC Single-Electrode Configurations in New Projects ##### 3.4.4 Deployment of AI Process Control for Real-Time Optimization #### 3.5 Government Regulation ##### 3.5.1 EPA Emissions Standards for Electric Arc Furnace Operations ##### 3.5.2 DOE Energy Efficiency Requirements for Steel Manufacturing ##### 3.5.3 OSHA Safety Protocols for Melt-Shop Equipment Handling ##### 3.5.4 State-Level Incentives for Modernization and Compliance Upgrades ### 4. SWOT Analysis ### 5. Stakeholder Analysis ### 6. Porter's Five Forces Analysis ### 7. USA Electric Arc Furnace Market Market Size, 2019-2024 #### 7.1 By Value #### 7.2 By Volume #### 7.3 By Average Selling Price ### 8. USA Electric Arc Furnace Market Segmentation #### 8.1 Product Type ##### 8.1.1 AC Electric Arc Furnaces ##### 8.1.2 DC Electric Arc Furnaces ##### 8.1.3 Submerged Arc Furnaces ##### 8.1.4 Auxiliary Melt-Shop Systems #### 8.2 End-Use Industry ##### 8.2.1 Carbon Steel ##### 8.2.2 Specialty Steel ##### 8.2.3 Stainless Steel ##### 8.2.4 Foundry and Ferroalloy #### 8.3 Application ##### 8.3.1 New Melt Shops ##### 8.3.2 Capacity Expansion ##### 8.3.3 Furnace Replacement ##### 8.3.4 Modernization and Compliance #### 8.4 Customer Type ##### 8.4.1 Mini-Mill Operators ##### 8.4.2 Integrated Steelmakers ##### 8.4.3 Specialty Steel Producers ##### 8.4.4 Foundries and Alloy Producers #### 8.5 Sales Channel ##### 8.5.1 Direct OEM Contracts ##### 8.5.2 EPC Packages ##### 8.5.3 System Integrators ##### 8.5.4 Aftermarket Service Agreements #### 8.6 Technology ##### 8.6.1 Ultra-High-Power AC ##### 8.6.2 DC Single-Electrode ##### 8.6.3 Scrap Preheating ##### 8.6.4 AI Process Control #### 8.7 Geography ##### 8.7.1 Midwest ##### 8.7.2 South ##### 8.7.3 Northeast ##### 8.7.4 West ### 9. USA Electric Arc Furnace Market Competitive Analysis #### 9.1 Market Share of Key Players (Micro, Small, Medium, Large Enterprises) #### 9.2 Cross Comparison of Key Players ##### 9.2.1 Company Name ##### 9.2.2 Group Size (Large, Medium, or Small as per industry convention) ##### 9.2.3 Installed Base References ##### 9.2.4 EAF Capacity Delivered ##### 9.2.5 Energy Efficiency Improvement ##### 9.2.6 U.S. Lifecycle Service Coverage ##### 9.2.7 Regional Project References ##### 9.2.8 Technology Integration Score ##### 9.2.9 Aftermarket Response Time ##### 9.2.10 Customer Satisfaction Index #### 9.3 SWOT Analysis of Top Players #### 9.4 Pricing Analysis #### 9.5 Detailed Profile of Major Companies ##### 9.5.1 Danieli & C. Officine Meccaniche S.p.A. ##### 9.5.2 SMS group GmbH ##### 9.5.3 Tenova S.p.A. ##### 9.5.4 Primetals Technologies Limited ##### 9.5.5 ABB Ltd. ##### 9.5.6 Siemens AG ##### 9.5.7 Fives Group ##### 9.5.8 Sarralle ##### 9.5.9 TMEIC Corporation ##### 9.5.10 AMI Automation ### 10. USA Electric Arc Furnace Market End-User Analysis #### 10.1 Procurement Behavior of Key Ministries ##### 10.1.1 Federal Infrastructure Funding Priorities ##### 10.1.2 State-Level Steel Production Incentives ##### 10.1.3 Environmental Compliance Procurement Criteria ##### 10.1.4 Long-Term Capacity Planning Cycles #### 10.2 Corporate Spend on Infrastructure and Energy ##### 10.2.1 Capital Allocation for Furnace Modernization ##### 10.2.2 Energy Cost Reduction Initiatives ##### 10.2.3 ROI Focus on Auxiliary Systems ##### 10.2.4 Budgeting for Technology Upgrades #### 10.3 Pain Point Analysis by End-User Category ##### 10.3.1 Downtime During Furnace Replacement ##### 10.3.2 Integration Challenges with Legacy Systems ##### 10.3.3 Supply Chain Delays for Specialty Components ##### 10.3.4 Training Requirements for New Technologies #### 10.4 User Readiness for Adoption ##### 10.4.1 Digital Maturity Assessment ##### 10.4.2 Pilot Project Success Rates ##### 10.4.3 Internal Technical Expertise Levels ##### 10.4.4 Change Management Preparedness #### 10.5 Post-Deployment ROI and Use Case Expansion ##### 10.5.1 Measured Energy Savings Post-Installation ##### 10.5.2 Throughput Increases from AI Controls ##### 10.5.3 Expansion into Adjacent Steel Grades ##### 10.5.4 Lifecycle Cost Reductions Achieved ### 11. USA Electric Arc Furnace Market Future Size, 2025-2030 #### 11.1 By Value #### 11.2 By Volume #### 11.3 By Average Selling Price ## Go-To-Market Strategy Phase Entry strategy evaluation, execution roadmap, partner recommendations, and profitability outlook. ### 1. Whitespace Analysis and Business Model Canvas #### 1.1 Identification of Underserved Mini-Mill Segments #### 1.2 Mapping of Regional Capacity Gaps in South and Midwest #### 1.3 Opportunity Assessment for Aftermarket Service Expansion #### 1.4 Evaluation of AI Process Control Adoption Barriers ### 2. Marketing and Positioning Recommendations #### 2.1 Positioning Around Energy Efficiency Improvements #### 2.2 Targeted Campaigns for Integrated Steelmakers #### 2.3 Emphasis on U.S. Lifecycle Service Coverage #### 2.4 Differentiation via Scrap Preheating Technologies ### 3. Distribution Plan #### 3.1 Direct OEM Contracts with Major Producers #### 3.2 Partnerships with EPC Packages Providers #### 3.3 Collaboration with System Integrators in Northeast #### 3.4 Strengthening Aftermarket Service Agreements Network ### 4. Channel and Pricing Gaps #### 4.1 Pricing Disparities in West Region Markets #### 4.2 Channel Coverage Shortfalls for Specialty Steel Producers #### 4.3 Bundling Opportunities with Auxiliary Melt-Shop Systems #### 4.4 Competitive Pricing Analysis for DC Single-Electrode Models ### 5. Unmet Demand and Latent Needs #### 5.1 Demand for Modernization and Compliance Solutions #### 5.2 Latent Needs in Foundry and Ferroalloy Applications #### 5.3 Requirements for Ultra-High-Power AC Upgrades #### 5.4 Interest in Capacity Expansion Turnkey Projects ### 6. Customer Relationship #### 6.1 Dedicated Account Management for Large Steelmakers #### 6.2 Technical Support Programs for Mini-Mill Operators #### 6.3 Training Initiatives for AI Process Control Users #### 6.4 Feedback Loops via Aftermarket Service Channels ### 7. Value Proposition #### 7.1 Superior Energy Efficiency Improvement Metrics #### 7.2 Proven EAF Capacity Delivered Track Record #### 7.3 Comprehensive Installed Base References #### 7.4 Reliable U.S. Lifecycle Service Coverage ### 8. Key Activities #### 8.1 Technology Demonstrations at Industry Events #### 8.2 Pilot Installations in Priority Geographies #### 8.3 Joint Development with Specialty Steel Producers #### 8.4 Regulatory Compliance Workshops for End Users ### 9. Entry Strategy Evaluation #### 9.1 Domestic Market Entry Strategy ##### 9.1.1 Focus on Midwest and South Capacity Expansions ##### 9.1.2 Alliances with Existing Mini-Mill Operators ##### 9.1.3 Leverage of Regional Regulatory Incentives ##### 9.1.4 Phased Rollout of AI Process Control Solutions #### 9.2 Export Entry Strategy ##### 9.2.1 Targeting Canadian and Mexican Steel Markets ##### 9.2.2 Technology Transfer Agreements with Local Partners ##### 9.2.3 Compliance with Cross-Border Environmental Standards ##### 9.2.4 Joint Ventures for Submerged Arc Furnaces ### 10. Entry Mode Assessment #### 10.1 Joint Venture Models with Local EPC Firms #### 10.2 Direct Subsidiary Establishment in Key States #### 10.3 Licensing of Technology to Regional Integrators #### 10.4 Strategic Acquisitions of Niche Service Providers ### 11. Capital and Timeline Estimation #### 11.1 Initial Investment for Regional Sales Infrastructure #### 11.2 Timeline for First Commercial Deployments #### 11.3 Funding Requirements for Pilot Projects #### 11.4 ROI Projections from Aftermarket Revenue Streams ### 12. Control vs Risk Trade-Off #### 12.1 Equity Control in Joint Ventures #### 12.2 Technology IP Protection Measures #### 12.3 Regulatory Compliance Risk Mitigation #### 12.4 Market Entry Speed Versus Operational Oversight ### 13. Profitability Outlook #### 13.1 Revenue Streams from Direct OEM Contracts #### 13.2 Margin Analysis on EPC Packages #### 13.3 Long-Term Value from Service Agreements #### 13.4 Break-Even Projections by Geography ### 14. Potential Partner List #### 14.1 Regional System Integrators in South #### 14.2 EPC Contractors Specializing in Steel Projects #### 14.3 Technology Partners for AI Integration #### 14.4 Local Distributors with Melt-Shop Expertise ### 15. Execution Roadmap #### 15.1 Phased Plan for Market Entry ##### 15.1.1 Market Setup ##### 15.1.2 Market Entry ##### 15.1.3 Growth Acceleration ##### 15.1.4 Scale and Stabilize #### 15.2 Key Activities and Milestones ##### 15.2.1 Completion of Initial Regulatory Filings ##### 15.2.2 Securing First Reference Installations ##### 15.2.3 Expansion of Service Network Coverage ##### 15.2.4 Achievement of Target Market Share Thresholds ## Survey Phase Demand-side primary research conducted through structured interviews and online surveys with end users across priority metros and Tier 2/3 cities to capture consumption behavior, unmet needs, and purchase drivers. ### 1. Research Design and Sample Architecture #### 1.1 Research Objectives and Scope #### 1.2 Sample Size Rationale and Representation #### 1.3 Customer Cohort Definitions #### 1.4 Geographic Coverage — Priority Metros and Tier 2/3 Cities ### 2. Data Collection Methodology #### 2.1 Structured Interview Framework (50 In-Depth Interviews) ##### 2.1.1 Interview Guide and Question Design ##### 2.1.2 Respondent Recruitment and Screening Criteria ##### 2.1.3 Interview Execution and Quality Control ##### 2.1.4 Qualitative Coding and Insight Extraction #### 2.2 Online Survey Design (200 Structured Surveys) ##### 2.2.1 Survey Instrument and Attribute Coverage ##### 2.2.2 Platform Selection and Distribution Channels ##### 2.2.3 Response Validation and Data Cleaning ##### 2.2.4 Statistical Significance and Margin of Error ### 3. Customer Cohort Profiles #### 3.1 Cohort 1 — Large Enterprise End Users ##### 3.1.1 Cohort Definition and Size ##### 3.1.2 Key Demand Attributes ##### 3.1.3 Purchase Decision Drivers ##### 3.1.4 Represented Sample Size and Metro Distribution #### 3.2 Cohort 2 — Mid-Size Enterprise End Users ##### 3.2.1 Cohort Definition and Size ##### 3.2.2 Key Demand Attributes ##### 3.2.3 Purchase Decision Drivers ##### 3.2.4 Represented Sample Size and City Distribution #### 3.3 Cohort 3 — Small and Emerging Enterprise End Users ##### 3.3.1 Cohort Definition and Size ##### 3.3.2 Key Demand Attributes ##### 3.3.3 Purchase Decision Drivers ##### 3.3.4 Represented Sample Size and Tier 2/3 City Distribution #### 3.4 Cohort 4 — Institutional and Government End Users ##### 3.4.1 Cohort Definition and Size ##### 3.4.2 Key Demand Attributes ##### 3.4.3 Procurement and Compliance Drivers ##### 3.4.4 Represented Sample Size and Regional Distribution ### 4. Demand Attributes Analysis #### 4.1 Macroeconomic and Sectoral Growth Influences on Demand ##### 4.1.1 GDP and Industrial Output Linkages ##### 4.1.2 Urbanization and Infrastructure Expansion Impact ##### 4.1.3 Capital Investment Cycles and Procurement Timing ##### 4.1.4 Export and Import Dependency on USA Electric Arc Furnace Market #### 4.2 End-User Behavior and Consumption Patterns ##### 4.2.1 Frequency and Volume of Purchases ##### 4.2.2 Seasonal and Cyclical Demand Variations ##### 4.2.3 Brand Loyalty vs. Price Sensitivity Trade-Off ##### 4.2.4 Switching Triggers and Retention Factors #### 4.3 Pricing Perception and Value Assessment ##### 4.3.1 Willingness to Pay Across Cohorts ##### 4.3.2 Price Benchmarking Against Substitutes ##### 4.3.3 Regional Pricing Disparities ##### 4.3.4 Total Cost of Ownership Perception #### 4.4 Quality, Safety, and Compliance Expectations ##### 4.4.1 Quality Standards and Certification Requirements ##### 4.4.2 Safety and Regulatory Compliance Awareness ##### 4.4.3 Perception of Domestic vs. Imported Offerings ##### 4.4.4 After-Sales Service and Support Expectations #### 4.5 Cultural, Regional, and Contextual Demand Factors ##### 4.5.1 Regional Industry Clusters and Demand Hotspots ##### 4.5.2 Cultural and Operational Norms Influencing Procurement ##### 4.5.3 Peer Influence and Industry Association Impact ##### 4.5.4 Digital Adoption and E-Procurement Readiness #### 4.6 Marketing, Awareness, and Channel Influence ##### 4.6.1 Impact of Trade Shows, Exhibitions, and Industry Events ##### 4.6.2 Role of Digital Marketing and Online Platforms ##### 4.6.3 Distributor and Channel Partner Influence on Purchase ##### 4.6.4 OEM and System Integrator Partnership Impact ### 5. Unmet Needs and Latent Demand Signals #### 5.1 Identified Gaps Between Current Supply and User Expectations #### 5.2 Latent Demand in Underpenetrated Segments #### 5.3 Willingness to Adopt New Formats or Technologies #### 5.4 Pain Points Surfaced Across Cohorts ### 6. Key Findings and Strategic Implications #### 6.1 Top Demand Drivers Ranked by Cohort #### 6.2 Barriers to Purchase and Adoption #### 6.3 High-Priority Customer Segments for Market Entry #### 6.4 Recommendations for Product, Pricing, and Channel Strategy ### Disclaimer ### Contact Us