Inflatable Pet Collar Market: Current Analysis and Forecast (2021-2027)

TELEMEDICINE IS THE DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE SERVICES, WHERE

DISTANCE IS A CRITICAL FACTOR, BY ALL HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS

USING INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGIES FOR

THE EXCHANGE OF VALID INFORMATION FOR DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT

AND PREVENTION OF DISEASE AND INJURIES, RESEARCH AND

EVALUATION, AND FOR THE CONTINUING EDUCATION OF HEALTH

CARE PROVIDERS, ALL IN THE INTERESTS OF ADVANCING THE HEALTH

OF INDIVIDUALS AND THEIR COMMUNITIES.

TELEMEDICINE IS THE DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE SERVICES, WHERE

DISTANCE IS A CRITICAL FACTOR, BY ALL HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS

USING INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGIES FOR

THE EXCHANGE OF VALID INFORMATION FOR DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT

AND PREVENTION OF DISEASE AND INJURIES, RESEARCH AND

EVALUATION, AND FOR THE CONTINUING EDUCATION OF HEALTH

CARE PROVIDERS, ALL IN THE INTERESTS OF ADVANCING THE HEALTH

OF INDIVIDUALS AND THEIR COMMUNITIES.

TELEMEDICINE IS THE DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE SERVICES, WHERE

DISTANCE IS A CRITICAL FACTOR, BY ALL HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS

USING INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGIES FOR

THE EXCHANGE OF VALID INFORMATION FOR DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT

AND PREVENTION OF DISEASE AND INJURIES, RESEARCH AND

EVALUATION, AND FOR THE CONTINUING EDUCATION OF HEALTH

CARE PROVIDERS, ALL IN THE INTERESTS OF ADVANCING THE HEALTH

OF INDIVIDUALS AND THEIR COMMUNITIES.

TELEMEDICINE IS THE DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE SERVICES, WHERE

DISTANCE IS A CRITICAL FACTOR, BY ALL HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS

USING INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGIES FOR

THE EXCHANGE OF VALID INFORMATION FOR DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT

AND PREVENTION OF DISEASE AND INJURIES, RESEARCH AND

EVALUATION, AND FOR THE CONTINUING EDUCATION OF HEALTH

CARE PROVIDERS, ALL IN THE INTERESTS OF ADVANCING THE HEALTH

OF INDIVIDUALS AND THEIR COMMUNITIES.

TELEMEDICINE IS THE DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE SERVICES, WHERE

DISTANCE IS A CRITICAL FACTOR, BY ALL HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS

USING INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGIES FOR

THE EXCHANGE OF VALID INFORMATION FOR DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT

AND PREVENTION OF DISEASE AND INJURIES, RESEARCH AND

EVALUATION, AND FOR THE CONTINUING EDUCATION OF HEALTH

CARE PROVIDERS, ALL IN THE INTERESTS OF ADVANCING THE HEALTH

OF INDIVIDUALS AND THEIR COMMUNITIES.

TELEMEDICINE IS THE DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE SERVICES, WHERE

DISTANCE IS A CRITICAL FACTOR, BY ALL HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS

USING INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGIES FOR

THE EXCHANGE OF VALID INFORMATION FOR DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT

AND PREVENTION OF DISEASE AND INJURIES, RESEARCH AND

EVALUATION, AND FOR THE CONTINUING EDUCATION OF HEALTH

CARE PROVIDERS, ALL IN THE INTERESTS OF ADVANCING THE HEALTH

OF INDIVIDUALS AND THEIR COMMUNITIES.

TELEMEDICINE IS THE DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE SERVICES, WHERE

DISTANCE IS A CRITICAL FACTOR, BY ALL HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS

USING INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGIES FOR

THE EXCHANGE OF VALID INFORMATION FOR DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT

AND PREVENTION OF DISEASE AND INJURIES, RESEARCH AND

EVALUATION, AND FOR THE CONTINUING EDUCATION OF HEALTH

CARE PROVIDERS, ALL IN THE INTERESTS OF ADVANCING THE HEALTH

OF INDIVIDUALS AND THEIR COMMUNITIES.

TELEMEDICINE IS THE DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE SERVICES, WHERE

DISTANCE IS A CRITICAL FACTOR, BY ALL HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS

USING INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGIES FOR

THE EXCHANGE OF VALID INFORMATION FOR DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT

AND PREVENTION OF DISEASE AND INJURIES, RESEARCH AND

EVALUATION, AND FOR THE CONTINUING EDUCATION OF HEALTH

CARE PROVIDERS, ALL IN THE INTERESTS OF ADVANCING THE HEALTH

OF INDIVIDUALS AND THEIR COMMUNITIES.

TELEMEDICINE CAN BE DETERMINED AS AN INTEGRATION

OF SEVERAL COMPONENTS INCLUDING INFORMATION AND

COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES, HARDWARE AND SO?WARE

TECHNOLOGIES AND MEDICAL SERVICES OPERATING TOGETHER IN

ORDER TO PROVIDE REQUIRED FEATURES OR SERVICES TO USERS

TELEMEDICINE CAN BE DETERMINED AS AN INTEGRATION

OF SEVERAL COMPONENTS INCLUDING INFORMATION AND

COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES, HARDWARE AND SO?WARE

TECHNOLOGIES AND MEDICAL SERVICES OPERATING TOGETHER IN

ORDER TO PROVIDE REQUIRED FEATURES OR SERVICES TO USERS

TELEMEDICINE CAN BE DETERMINED AS AN INTEGRATION

OF SEVERAL COMPONENTS INCLUDING INFORMATION AND

COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES, HARDWARE AND SO?WARE

TECHNOLOGIES AND MEDICAL SERVICES OPERATING TOGETHER IN

ORDER TO PROVIDE REQUIRED FEATURES OR SERVICES TO USERS

AS SHOWN IN FIG 1. ?E UNDERLYING TECHNOLOGIES ARE SEEN

AS A BLACK BOX TO THE USERS AND THEY ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR

FACILITATING PROCESSES OF EACH PROPOSED SERVICE

.......... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... ...........

....................................... ................................

EDUCATION AND PRACTICE FUNDAMENTALS

" INTRODUCTION TO THE PRACTICE OF TELEMEDICINE

JOHN CRAIG* AND VICTOR PATTERSON*

W

?

DEPARTMENT OF NEUROLOGY, ROYAL VICTORIA HOSPITAL, BELFAST, UK;

W

CENTRE FOR ONLINE HEALTH, UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND, BRISBANE,

AUSTRALIA

SUMMARY

TELEMEDICINE IS THE DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE AND THE EXCHANGE OF HEALTH-CARE INFORMATION ACROSS DISTANCES. IT IS NOT

A TECHNOLOGY OR A SEPARATE OR NEW BRANCH OF MEDICINE. TELEMEDICINE EPISODES MAY BE CLASSI?ED ON THE BASIS OF:

(1) THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE CLIENT AND THE EXPERT (I.E. REALTIME OR PRERECORDED), AND (2) THE TYPE OF

INFORMATION BEING TRANSMITTED (E.G. TEXT, AUDIO, VIDEO). MUCH OF THE TELEMEDICINE WHICH IS NOW PRACTISED IS

PERFORMED IN INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES, SUCH AS THE USA, BUT THERE IS INCREASING INTEREST IN THE USE OF TELEMEDICINE

IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. THERE ARE BASICALLY TWO CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH TELEMEDICINE SHOULD BE CONSIDERED:

(1) WHEN THERE IS NO ALTERNATIVE (E.G. IN EMERGENCIES IN REMOTE ENVIRONMENTS), AND (2) WHEN IT IS BETTER THAN

EXISTING CONVENTIONAL SERVICES (E.G. TELERADIOLOGY FOR RURAL HOSPITALS). FOR EXAMPLE, TELEMEDICINE CAN BE EXPECTED

TO IMPROVE EQUITY OF ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE, THE QUALITY OF THAT CARE, AND THE EF?CIENCY BY WHICH IT IS DELIVERED.

RESEARCH IN TELEMEDICINE INCREASED STEADILY IN THE LATE 1990S, ALTHOUGH THE QUALITY OF THE RESEARCH COULD BE

IMPROVED - THERE HAVE BEEN FEW RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS TO DATE.

INTRODUCTION

ONE OF THE GREAT CHALLENGES FACING HUMANKIND IN THE

21ST CENTURY IS TO MAKE HIGH-QUALITY HEALTH CARE AVAILABLE

TO ALL. SUCH A VISION HAS BEEN EXPRESSED BY THE WORLD

HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO) IN ITS HEALTH-FOR-ALL STRATEGY

IN THE 21ST CENTURY.

1

REALIZING THIS VISION WILL BE DIF?CULT,

PERHAPS IMPOSSIBLE, BECAUSE OF THE BURDENS IMPOSED ON

A GROWING WORLD POPULATION BY OLD AND NEW DISEASES,

RISING EXPECTATIONS FOR HEALTH, AND SOCIOECONOMIC

CONDITIONS THAT HAVE, IF ANYTHING, INCREASED DISPARITIES IN

HEALTH STATUS BETWEEN AND WITHIN COUNTRIES.

TRADITIONALLY, PART OF THE DIF?CULTY IN ACHIEVING

EQUITABLE ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE HAS BEEN THAT THE

PROVIDER AND THE RECIPIENT MUST BE PRESENT IN THE SAME

PLACE AND AT THE SAME TIME. RECENT ADVANCES IN

INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES,

HOWEVER, HAVE CREATED UNPRECEDENTED OPPORTUNITIES FOR

OVERCOMING THIS BY INCREASING THE NUMBER OF WAYS THAT

HEALTH CARE CAN BE DELIVERED. THIS APPLIES BOTH TO

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES WITH WEAK OR UNSTABLE ECONOMIES

AND TO INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES. THE POSSIBILITIES FOR

USING INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES TO

IMPROVE HEALTH-CARE DELIVERY ( HEALTH TELEMATICS') ARE

INCREASINGLY BEING RECOGNIZED. THE WHO HAS STATED THAT

WITH REGARD TO ITS HEALTH-FOR-ALL STRATEGY IT RECOMMENDS

THAT THE WHO AND ITS MEMBER STATES SHOULD:

INTEGRATE THE APPROPRIATE USE OF HEALTH TELEMATICS IN

THE OVERALL POLICY AND STRATEGY FOR THE ATTAINMENT OF

HEALTH FOR ALL IN THE 21ST CENTURY, THUS FUL?LLING THE

VISION OF A WORLD IN WHICH THE BENE?TS OF SCIENCE,

TECHNOLOGY AND PUBLIC HEALTH DEVELOPMENT ARE MADE

EQUITABLY AVAILABLE TO ALL PEOPLE EVERYWHERE.

2

SUCH A COMMITMENT TO IMPROVE HEALTH-CARE DELIVERY,

BY UTILIZING INFORMATION AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

TECHNOLOGIES, IS ALSO BEING CONSIDERED BY THOSE WITH THE

?NANCIAL MEANS TO DO SO, FOR EXAMPLE, THE PARTICIPANTS

IN VARIOUS EUROPEAN COMMISSION PROJECTS. AT THE

NATIONAL AND SUBNATIONAL LEVEL, THERE IS ALSO EVIDENCE OF

GOVERNMENTAL INTEREST IN THE BENE?TS THAT THESE

TECHNOLOGIES MIGHT BRING TO HEALTH CARE. FOR EXAMPLE,

IN THE UK, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INCLUDING

TELEMEDICINE IS AT THE HEART OF THE GOVERNMENT'S

STRATEGY TO MODERNIZE AND IMPROVE THE NHS.

3

TELEMEDICINE, THE AREA WHERE MEDICINE AND INFOR-

MATION AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY MEET, IS

PROBABLY THE PART OF THIS REVOLUTION THAT COULD HAVE THE